The fourth "APEC Food Security Training and Workshop" was started this morning of September 7th, 2015 in Beijing Friendship Hotel.
The committee of opening Ceremony welcomes all of the participants and all friends from the different countries all over the world. The event brought together researchers and students, and some YPARD’s leaders.
This event was supported by China-APEC Cooperation Fund of Ministry of Finance and hosted by Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
The objective of this “APEC Workshop and Training” is designed to expand the channels and platforms for the APEC economies and international organizations to exchange ideas on food security issues. It especially aims to train and work with young researchers of APEC economies and enhance their research capacities on food security issues
The opening remarks committee is composed by:
Xianxue Meng
Tan Sum
Sixi Qu
Bingsheng Ke
Dongxin Feng
Weiqin Wang (Director of Ministry of Agriculture)
Xianxue Meng, was the Chairman of opening Ceremony. He welcomes all of the participants and gave speak to some member from the committee.
1st speaker: Sixi Qu (2nd speech)
2nd speaker: Dongxin Feng (3rd speech of the opening remark). After greeting all of disgusting persons of the event and others participants of the event, she mentioned the importance of the research in many field like climate change, and how agricultural development plays a big role in APEC economic for Agricultural Ministry. She said that, from 1991, when China joined APEC, and national deal of agricultural development was a national deal for China. And it made a big progress in in genetic research innovation. APEC becomes the most network for members to develop their capability skill. To conclude, she wishes a successful APEC –Economic coordination for all.
Today’s presentations centered on (1)Agricultural development and food security issue in China;(2)Comprehensive food security measurement;(3)Assessment of food loss and waste.
The following provides highlights of the key issues of each speech.
1- First Presentation: Agricultural development and food security issue in China (President Bingsheng Ke, China Agricultural University)
Prof. Bingsheng Ke made a brief presentation on agricultural development and food issue in China. He talked about the share of agriculture in the GDP and different sectors. China's effort to produce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. After, he talked about international market. He mentioned what happen between demand, income and population growth. Indeed, agriculture sector share in term of percentage 30% of GDP, 81% of population, 69% of employment, 20% of export, 15% of import, 57% of food share in household budget and 62% of rural. The output increases from 1978-2014 for grains, meat and milk. The agri-food trade in China is more important in term of import than export. This is explained by the current situation where demand is high than production.
China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food production resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food production cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid industrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural products.
The urban income is also bigger than rural income and the combined effect is that demand for meat, eggs and milk is more. For feed, there are more corn and soybean.
China produces more Paddy rice and corn than wheat from 2000 to 2013. China imports more soybean than it exports.
The migrant to urban cities change the structure of China due to their influence of the demand. What is the consumption of all these workers? This makes a huge demand in construction and industries sectors. According to the result, the average of the direct food consumption is 100kg higher than it is in the rural areas because the average income is higher than in rural areas. The migrant demand in food especially for meat and eggs is really big. They have easier access to food. Why is the demand higher than for rural residents? Because the urban population has high income and therefore high consumption. The migrant workers will play a big role in the development in China in the future.
Some Challenges to produce more, better and safer food with less farmland, water, labor and less chemicals is to increasing demand in quality and safety is important for food security. Issue is to reduce the input use of pesticide and less chemicals with less farmland, the agricultural industry in China need to show our responsibility.
About the farmland, protection policy of farmland must be the solution. The process of organization is developing farmland. In the future, the water scarcity will be critical in North and Norwest of China. In china, Agricultural Development is related on Labor. Nowadays, farm labor is declining due to migration to cities and rising in labor costs. And labor cost will continue to increase in the future. This will take long time. It’s a culture of consumption. In the future, may be some change in the consumption. For soybean domestic production, we need farmland, which is difficult for China.
The way to secure the future is to increase domestic production, protect the farmland, improve infrastructure, mechanization, science and technology, farm scale and Public service.
Conclusion, food security is a long term issue, particular for DCs. The production will catch up for demand and it’s necessary for trade cooperation and economic cooperation. The dieting pattern must be changed and trade structure need to be adjusted.
2- Second Presentation: Comprehensive food security measurement (Prof. Osamu Koyama, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences-JIRCAS)
The afternoon presentation, Prof. Nie Fengying made brief introduction of Prof. Osamu Koyama and his research field in agriculture in Japan and international work.
Prof. Osama Koyama talked about his topic “Compressive food security measurement”. He introduced itself and tried to defined what food security is based on three pillars: Food availability, food access and food use. All of them are not independent. Food security is commonly based on components, levels and dimensions which are difficult to measure. He also talked about food security indicators. Beside this, food security is also considered like safe based on FAO definition and measurement.
For measurement, Food balance sheet is important
For food supply, we have to produce more for more people (9 billion)
Water scarcity, China is a water scarce country.
In global situation, food demand will increase, but supply may be not.
Solution: We have to control population and limit demand, use vegetable base food intake and also increase food supply.
Prof. Nie Fengying thanks Prof. Osamu Koyama on his wonderful presentation and hard work. She also opens the questions time for those who have questions. The following provides some questions and answers for this issue.
Questions:
Q 1: Does Japan have some policies or measurement on food nutrition for children and of the nutritional properties of that food?
Q 2: Why the “shokuiku” drawing that shows a balanced food intake is invers of pyramid form?
Q 3: Why Africa countries could not produce more food for countries like China and deal with hunger as they have more water resources and land?
Q 4: Research-recommendation-implementation?
Q 5: Mr. Robin Bourgeois wants to know why we do not focus on food insecurity and who will be the next generation of food insecure people in the world?
Answers:
A1: Due to influence from the USA food nutrition of children policy after the WWII, Japan has a kind of food who helps children to get high height. Some way show how to prepare, and how to eat food.
A 2: The answer was not really clear.
A3: African people must apply more technologies and put more investment in agricultural production.
Comment on African resources abundance and his food problem.
3- Third Presentation: Assessment of food loss and waste (Prof. Ching-Cheng Chang, National Taiwan University)
According to FAO, Food losses represent a waste of resources used in production such as land, water, energy and inputs. Producing food that will not be consumed leads to unnecessary CO2 emissions in addition to loss of economic value of the food produced. Economically avoidable food losses have a direct and negative impact on the income of both farmers and consumers. Given that many smallholders live on the margins of food insecurity, a reduction in food losses could have an immediate and significant impact on their livelihoods (Robert van O. et al.,2011).
About one-third of edible parts of food produced for human consumption, which is about 1.3 billion tons per year, gets lost or wasted (Gustavasson, et al., 2011)
Definition
Food losses refer to the decrease in edible food mass throughout the part of the supply chain that specifically leads to edible food for human consumption. Food losses could happen during the production, postharvest and processing stages in the food supply chain (Parfitt et al., 2010). Food losses occurring at the end of the food chain are rather called “food waste”, which relates to retailers’ and consumers’ behavior. (Parfitt et al., 2010).
In the dairy sector high income countries witness their highest levels of loss and waste during the consumption phase, with estimated losses and waste at 7 percent of produce purchased. 4 percent losses are seen in the agricultural production phase with minimal losses and waste between the farm and retail. Middle income countries, however, see the highest levels of losses during agricultural production (over 20 percent), primarily due to poor cattle management and milking practices. Processing, distribution and consumption losses are also 5 percent and higher, reflecting technological and cold chain deficiencies, leading to losses and shorter storage and shelf-lives of products. Low income countries reported their highest loss levels during processing, due to poor sanitation and primitive technologies
Challenges for Asia-Pacific
In developing countries
Causes of food losses and waste in developing countries were primarily linked to financial, managerial and technical limitations in harvesting techniques, storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, as well as in infrastructure, packaging and marketing systems. There is a need of compressive research results to deal with this.
In developed countries
Strict hygiene and safety rules inhibit recovery of uneaten food. Costly to reduce loss or to safely collect, store, and transport food to food banks. Change in consumption pattern.
Who should be responsible for loss reduction? And How to get started?
APEC Multi-year Project Work Plan(based on 3 phases)
Relevance to APEC. This is important for China
Capacity Building seminars 2013-2014( fishery and livestock loss)
How we do in assessment?
Before doing any assessment, we have to:
First , defined the area and make investigation of the product
Second, the methodology and procedure. Like a production, loss also has quantity and quality aspect (e.g: of bananas), the package need more technology to reduce the loss. The same for mangoes ‘tree, reduce the tree height to make it accessible for everyone and for consumption. Fisheries also have some issue in food loss. In many countries, some part of fishes is thrown away, because is not edible for some people, but in other countries, all parts of the fish is considered good for eating. Byproducts: In china, blood of pigs for example is edible and may not eatable in some country.
Then collect the data and finally the results.
She also talked about two common methodologies used:
Commodity System Analysis (CSA), based on Postharvest and marketing data. Quantity and quality is important for this study.
And Mass Flow Model (MFM), based on available food balance sheet data.
She mentioned also, what is Food Value Chain. And the future plan –challenges base on loss assessment and how to establish a food loss reduction target?
Prof. Nie thanks Prof. Ching Cheng Chang for her excellence presentation on methodology, analysis and on some commodity.
Questions:
Q1: Waht does FAO do about this issue?
Q2: Estimation of food loss and waste is difficult and give different results, could she give us more about this?
Q3: Food security in Taiwan situation?
Q4: How to estimate food loss of products?
Q5: Do you use FAO methodology to estimate food loss in your county?
Q6: If we consider some of your research, we use fertilizer to produce, do you think is good for food security?
A1: Based on FAO expertize, they have constructive methodologies and also good literature review. It’s based on different opinion.
A2: The weather could influence the result for the same product for 2 years. Now, China has many diversity environments, so many of technology have been introduced. Each country can has his specific for every country.
A3: In Taiwan, we have the same situation as in Japan. And it’s relaying on environment of the country and efficiently allocation of insurance of food supply, Public story system which provide food security system. Beside, some Public policy failure, we have very organized market share for some products.
A4: Many don’t know if the estimation of food loss is possible and it’s difficult, but we have to explain this to them. We have a way to convince them to change.
A5: FAO has the way to estimate this by survey, but very country supposed to define his way to estimate food loss and waste.
A6: We don’t need to produce more by using this way and wasting them later. But, we could use organic material to produce.
Conclusions of the first day
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.
- Agricultural development and food security: China is generally capable of solving its food problems. The government may play a substantial role in improving both national and global food security. Full knowledge of present policies and their impacts on food production, stability of supply, trade, and household food security are essential to design appropriate policy measures and the institutional framework to improve food security.
- Measurement of food security: Food balance sheets are important to measure the availability dimension of food security.
- Improved monitoring and reporting of losses and waste is possible by engaging national associations supporting private sector Agri-food chain actors, who have expressed strong interest in the helping their members reduce losses. FAO could support such an initiative by coordinating loss and waste monitoring and reduction initiatives by interested low and middle income countries in the region, promoting
In conclusion, the day was really fruitful for all of participants in term of the presentations we have and also for the speaker’s answers.
The fourth "APEC Food Security Training and Workshop" was started this morning of September 7th, 2015 in Beijing Friendship Hotel.
The committee of opening Ceremony welcomes all of the participants and all friends from the different countries all over the world. The event brought together researchers and students, and some YPARD’s leaders.
This event was supported by China-APEC Cooperation Fund of Ministry of Finance and hosted by Agricultural Information Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
The objective of this “APEC Workshop and Training” is designed to expand the channels and platforms for the APEC economies and international organizations to exchange ideas on food security issues. It especially aims to train and work with young researchers of APEC economies and enhance their research capacities on food security issues
The opening remarks committee is composed by:
Xianxue Meng, was the Chairman of opening Ceremony. He welcomes all of the participants and gave speak to some member from the committee.
1st speaker: Sixi Qu (2nd speech)
2nd speaker: Dongxin Feng (3rd speech of the opening remark). After greeting all of disgusting persons of the event and others participants of the event, she mentioned the importance of the research in many field like climate change, and how agricultural development plays a big role in APEC economic for Agricultural Ministry. She said that, from 1991, when China joined APEC, and national deal of agricultural development was a national deal for China. And it made a big progress in in genetic research innovation. APEC becomes the most network for members to develop their capability skill. To conclude, she wishes a successful APEC –Economic coordination for all.
Today’s presentations centered on (1)Agricultural development and food security issue in China;(2)Comprehensive food security measurement;(3)Assessment of food loss and waste.
The following provides highlights of the key issues of each speech.
1- First Presentation: Agricultural development and food security issue in China (President Bingsheng Ke, China Agricultural University)
Prof. Bingsheng Ke made a brief presentation on agricultural development and food issue in China. He talked about the share of agriculture in the GDP and different sectors. China's effort to produce enough to feed its growing population has long been recognized. After, he talked about international market. He mentioned what happen between demand, income and population growth. Indeed, agriculture sector share in term of percentage 30% of GDP, 81% of population, 69% of employment, 20% of export, 15% of import, 57% of food share in household budget and 62% of rural. The output increases from 1978-2014 for grains, meat and milk. The agri-food trade in China is more important in term of import than export. This is explained by the current situation where demand is high than production.
China faces the great challenge of feeding its growing population with declining land, water, and other food production resources, and increasing opportunity cost of labor and domestic food production cost. Food supply availability in China is important not only because it concerns a large proportion of the world's population and consumption, but also because rapid industrialization has led to competition for resources between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, strong income growth, rapid urbanization, and population growth. All of these stimulate demand for agricultural products.
The urban income is also bigger than rural income and the combined effect is that demand for meat, eggs and milk is more. For feed, there are more corn and soybean.
China produces more Paddy rice and corn than wheat from 2000 to 2013. China imports more soybean than it exports.
The migrant to urban cities change the structure of China due to their influence of the demand. What is the consumption of all these workers? This makes a huge demand in construction and industries sectors. According to the result, the average of the direct food consumption is 100kg higher than it is in the rural areas because the average income is higher than in rural areas. The migrant demand in food especially for meat and eggs is really big. They have easier access to food. Why is the demand higher than for rural residents? Because the urban population has high income and therefore high consumption. The migrant workers will play a big role in the development in China in the future.
Some Challenges to produce more, better and safer food with less farmland, water, labor and less chemicals is to increasing demand in quality and safety is important for food security. Issue is to reduce the input use of pesticide and less chemicals with less farmland, the agricultural industry in China need to show our responsibility.
About the farmland, protection policy of farmland must be the solution. The process of organization is developing farmland. In the future, the water scarcity will be critical in North and Norwest of China. In china, Agricultural Development is related on Labor. Nowadays, farm labor is declining due to migration to cities and rising in labor costs. And labor cost will continue to increase in the future. This will take long time. It’s a culture of consumption. In the future, may be some change in the consumption. For soybean domestic production, we need farmland, which is difficult for China.
The way to secure the future is to increase domestic production, protect the farmland, improve infrastructure, mechanization, science and technology, farm scale and Public service.
Conclusion, food security is a long term issue, particular for DCs. The production will catch up for demand and it’s necessary for trade cooperation and economic cooperation. The dieting pattern must be changed and trade structure need to be adjusted.
2- Second Presentation: Comprehensive food security measurement (Prof. Osamu Koyama, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences-JIRCAS)
The afternoon presentation, Prof. Nie Fengying made brief introduction of Prof. Osamu Koyama and his research field in agriculture in Japan and international work.
Prof. Osama Koyama talked about his topic “Compressive food security measurement”. He introduced itself and tried to defined what food security is based on three pillars: Food availability, food access and food use. All of them are not independent. Food security is commonly based on components, levels and dimensions which are difficult to measure. He also talked about food security indicators. Beside this, food security is also considered like safe based on FAO definition and measurement.
Prof. Nie Fengying thanks Prof. Osamu Koyama on his wonderful presentation and hard work. She also opens the questions time for those who have questions. The following provides some questions and answers for this issue.
Questions:
Q 1: Does Japan have some policies or measurement on food nutrition for children and of the nutritional properties of that food?
Q 2: Why the “shokuiku” drawing that shows a balanced food intake is invers of pyramid form?
Q 3: Why Africa countries could not produce more food for countries like China and deal with hunger as they have more water resources and land?
Q 4: Research-recommendation-implementation?
Q 5: Mr. Robin Bourgeois wants to know why we do not focus on food insecurity and who will be the next generation of food insecure people in the world?
Answers:
A1: Due to influence from the USA food nutrition of children policy after the WWII, Japan has a kind of food who helps children to get high height. Some way show how to prepare, and how to eat food.
A 2: The answer was not really clear.
A3: African people must apply more technologies and put more investment in agricultural production.
Comment on African resources abundance and his food problem.
3- Third Presentation: Assessment of food loss and waste (Prof. Ching-Cheng Chang, National Taiwan University)
According to FAO, Food losses represent a waste of resources used in production such as land, water, energy and inputs. Producing food that will not be consumed leads to unnecessary CO2 emissions in addition to loss of economic value of the food produced. Economically avoidable food losses have a direct and negative impact on the income of both farmers and consumers. Given that many smallholders live on the margins of food insecurity, a reduction in food losses could have an immediate and significant impact on their livelihoods (Robert van O. et al.,2011).
About one-third of edible parts of food produced for human consumption, which is about 1.3 billion tons per year, gets lost or wasted (Gustavasson, et al., 2011)
Definition
Food losses refer to the decrease in edible food mass throughout the part of the supply chain that specifically leads to edible food for human consumption. Food losses could happen during the production, postharvest and processing stages in the food supply chain (Parfitt et al., 2010). Food losses occurring at the end of the food chain are rather called “food waste”, which relates to retailers’ and consumers’ behavior. (Parfitt et al., 2010).
In the dairy sector high income countries witness their highest levels of loss and waste during the consumption phase, with estimated losses and waste at 7 percent of produce purchased. 4 percent losses are seen in the agricultural production phase with minimal losses and waste between the farm and retail. Middle income countries, however, see the highest levels of losses during agricultural production (over 20 percent), primarily due to poor cattle management and milking practices. Processing, distribution and consumption losses are also 5 percent and higher, reflecting technological and cold chain deficiencies, leading to losses and shorter storage and shelf-lives of products. Low income countries reported their highest loss levels during processing, due to poor sanitation and primitive technologies
Challenges for Asia-Pacific
In developing countries
Causes of food losses and waste in developing countries were primarily linked to financial, managerial and technical limitations in harvesting techniques, storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, as well as in infrastructure, packaging and marketing systems. There is a need of compressive research results to deal with this.
In developed countries
Strict hygiene and safety rules inhibit recovery of uneaten food. Costly to reduce loss or to safely collect, store, and transport food to food banks. Change in consumption pattern.
Who should be responsible for loss reduction? And How to get started?
How we do in assessment?
Before doing any assessment, we have to:
She also talked about two common methodologies used:
She mentioned also, what is Food Value Chain. And the future plan –challenges base on loss assessment and how to establish a food loss reduction target?
Prof. Nie thanks Prof. Ching Cheng Chang for her excellence presentation on methodology, analysis and on some commodity.
Questions:
Q1: Waht does FAO do about this issue?
Q2: Estimation of food loss and waste is difficult and give different results, could she give us more about this?
Q3: Food security in Taiwan situation?
Q4: How to estimate food loss of products?
Q5: Do you use FAO methodology to estimate food loss in your county?
Q6: If we consider some of your research, we use fertilizer to produce, do you think is good for food security?
A1: Based on FAO expertize, they have constructive methodologies and also good literature review. It’s based on different opinion.
A2: The weather could influence the result for the same product for 2 years. Now, China has many diversity environments, so many of technology have been introduced. Each country can has his specific for every country.
A3: In Taiwan, we have the same situation as in Japan. And it’s relaying on environment of the country and efficiently allocation of insurance of food supply, Public story system which provide food security system. Beside, some Public policy failure, we have very organized market share for some products.
A4: Many don’t know if the estimation of food loss is possible and it’s difficult, but we have to explain this to them. We have a way to convince them to change.
A5: FAO has the way to estimate this by survey, but very country supposed to define his way to estimate food loss and waste.
A6: We don’t need to produce more by using this way and wasting them later. But, we could use organic material to produce.
Conclusions of the first day
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Household food security is the application of this concept to the family level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.
- Agricultural development and food security: China is generally capable of solving its food problems. The government may play a substantial role in improving both national and global food security. Full knowledge of present policies and their impacts on food production, stability of supply, trade, and household food security are essential to design appropriate policy measures and the institutional framework to improve food security.
- Measurement of food security: Food balance sheets are important to measure the availability dimension of food security.
- Improved monitoring and reporting of losses and waste is possible by engaging national associations supporting private sector Agri-food chain actors, who have expressed strong interest in the helping their members reduce losses. FAO could support such an initiative by coordinating loss and waste monitoring and reduction initiatives by interested low and middle income countries in the region, promoting
In conclusion, the day was really fruitful for all of participants in term of the presentations we have and also for the speaker’s answers.