Section 3.3.
(p.18) Pierce and O’Connor (2014 forthcoming) assessed impact on poor communes in North Vietnam of oyster farming implementation under an ACIAR project. Findings showed the dual nature of ‘fish for food and fish for cash’
(p.24) North Vietnamese oyster farmers also often have diversified land-based and water based farming cash crops which spreads the risk and seasonal factors (Pierce and O’Connor (2014 forthcoming).
p.25) In North Vietnam oyster farming has had the wider impact on the community of improved sanitation and better life quality options across the range of community capitals (natural, human, social, human, social and produced (Pierce and O’Connor 2014 forthcoming). This positive impact from oyster farming was also reflected in South Australian oyster farming communities, particularly with focus on maintaining water quality (Pierce and Robinson 2012).
Section 3.5.
(p. 34) Re:Women in food insecure households fishing for household consumption: this could be broadened as in Vietnam oyster farming (Pierce and O’Connor 2014 forthcoming) to show there are women who both fish for household consumption as well as to provide a cash crop (e.g. women only oyster farms some of whom are sole income families). Women in North Vietnam also having women only oyster farms.
p. 36: Re fishing as a secondary source of income in Australia (Pierce and Robinson 2013) highlighted in the Australian context extra work in oyster farming supplemented other seasonal farming work or added to the income base. In the Vietnam study (Pierce and O’Connor, 2014 forthcoming) noted a similar trend with diversified water farming and land based farming income crops. This has value both for the oyster farm owners and their workers to ensure continuous income and food supply.
Section 3.6.
(p.39) The tendency of supply and demand and who benefits. Price determination moving more into the control of the buyers rather than the fish farmers as more aquaculture farmers move into the market was shown to be reflected both in the developed world context in Australia (Pierce and Robinson 2013) and in the developing country context (Vietnam) Pierce and O’Connor (2014 forthcoming). Food security therefore also needs to be considered in relation to security for fish suppliers to ensure a fair income.
Section 4.2.
(p.63) Gendered fish sector work was found to occur (Pierce 2012) in oyster farming in Australia with women more as partners and co-managers. However as women moved more from the more remote land farms to operate in town based oyster farms, their visibility and therefore opportunities to become more involved in community leadership roles increased. However their aquaculture roles were more focussed on being the visible face for sales and marketing, lighter work, and oyster processing, but all roles can be engaged in. Oyster farm management was predominantly male driven in Vietnam with women in mainly oyster farming and processing work, and sales. However some women in Vietnam are moving into owning and managing their own oyster farms (Pierce and O’Connor 2014 forthcoming). Oyster associations in the Australian context are predominantly male in membership and appear to be similar in composition in the Vietnamese context also (no figures provided).
(p.68) Unlike findings of Allison et al 2011), in South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula there is a best practice school aquaculture program open to both male and female students who receive school education whilst receiving training on a real oyster lease to set them up for sustainable skills to operate an oyster business in their community (Pierce and Robinson 2013; Pierce and McKay 2008).
Recommendation from Pierce: Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture need to look at impact across more than just the income and environment. Findings (Pierce and Robinson 2013) and Pierce and O’Connor (2014 forthcoming) in the Australian and Vietnamese context of a developed and developing country highlight the interdependence of the environment, economic, institutional, social and produced capital factors to achieve sustainable aquaculture for the people and their communities.
A study done by Pierce in conjunction with ACIAR on their project in North Vietnam captured this holistic approach to food security in the oyster farming context:food security is the key to life and community security
http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14983/incoming_earnings_pdf_64140.pdf
REFERENCES
Pierce, J and O’Connor, W. 2014 (forthcoming) ‘Impact of Oyster Farming on Rural Community Sustainability in North Vietnam’, in S.Sandhu, S. McKenzie and H. Harris (eds), Linking Local and Global Sustainability, Dordrecht NL: Springer.
Pierce, J and Robinson,G. 2012, "Oysters Thrive in the Right Environment: The Social Sustainability of Oyster Farming in the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia", Marine Policy Journal.
Pierce J and J McKay 2008, “ Our community capitals as we see them through photovoice: Cowell oyster industry in South Australia”, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, vol 15, p 159-168
Janine Pierce