M. Arshad Malik
Macro economy of resources and agriculture market development. Hydroponics vegetable production, marketing and trade
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Macro economy of resources and agriculture market development. Hydroponics vegetable production, marketing and trade
Governance is very important in shaping value chain in developing economies like Pakistan. Private sector is working hard to develop an effective value chain system in Pakistan. Role of multinational companies is also valuable contribution. Market leaders are dominating value chain and there is little room for new entries.
We are working on enhancing livestock productivity in arid areas of Pakistan (Northren Punjab) as a tool to improve farmers resiliance to adverse weather condition and climate change. Wheat Livestock farming system is practiced in the area. We are sucessful in improving livestock productivity. Beef enterprise is more resiliance to climate change in the areas with medium fodder forage availability. Goat (Mutton) enterprise is successful in low foodder forage areas with low rainfall (about 200mm). Farmers consider livestock as a lender of last resort in these communities. with the development of urbanisation, milk enterprise development is added to farm household income. farmers with milk enterprise are more prosperous than other farmers. with the passage of time resiliance increasing in the area. Major threat to farmer resilance are human population and family sturucture.
M. Arshad Malik
1.pricing of forest products (wood like fire wood, timber wood, etc)
2. markets of forest products (wood etc)
3. area under private and government forest development ha.
4. annual government spending on forest US$
5. area damaged (under forest fire) or annual damage of forests ha.
6. major utilisation of forest resources