bonjour,
je prend le forum en route,excusez moi si mes propos sont décalés. Je fais donc quelques premièrs commentaires (un peu précipité) sur le document,
best wishes
Olivier
Page 20: "Overall at these regional levels, fish consumption is lowest in Africa (9.1 million tonnes, with 9.1 kg per capita in 2009), while Asia accounts for broadly two-thirds of total consumption, with 85.4 million tonnes (20.7 kg per capita)."
de fait, les statistiques nationalespeuvetn masquer des consommations locales en milieu rural très importantes. Sur 98 foyers issus de 6 villages en région Centre (Cameroon), enquêtés 1 semaine/mois en 2007-2008 (soit 8132 données quotidiennes): les dépenses moyennes pour l’achat de poisson s ’élèvent à 130 000 F CFA /foyer/an ou 19 300 F /pers; la consommation annuelle en équivalent poisson frais de l’ordre de 35 kg/pers./an.
Grosse O., 2009. Importance of the fish in the food consumption of villagers in the Central and West-Region of Cameroon, APDRA-F, Massy, France, 25 pp., French, http://www.cabi.org/ac/ (consulted in July 2013)
Page 31 : Environmentally sustainable aquaculture production depends on the right combination of farming systems (including health management), feeds (See section 3.7) and improved germplasm (Browdy et al. 2012)../.. However, in the absence of effective genetic improvement and breeding programs cultured stocks may even beinferior to wild populations due to inbreeding (Acosta and Gupta, 2010)"
"l'amélioration génétique n'est pas toujours une panacée: "For Brummett and Ponzoni (2004), there is a need for genetic improvement programs in face of the genetic degradation of reared Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) in African fish farming systems. In a study carried out in Cameroon, Brummett et al. (2004) compared growth of a wild strain with that of a domestic one in a rural environment and an experiment station (Table 3). They observed a significant decrease in growth (up to 40%) of the reared strains. Therefore, they concluded that smallholders cannot ensure correct genetic management of their fish and proposed entrusting it to large farms in a public-private partnership. Moreover, the improved and synthetic tilapia strain called GIFT would be a neutral technology which can meet the expectations of small and large producers regardless of the feed and manure levels used in the fish farming system (Acosta and Gupta, 2010).
However, without any genetic improvement, large fish of 400 g are obtained in 6 months from 30 g fingerlings (at a density of 0.11 fish/m2) with a daily weight gain of 2 g/day and a water temperature around 26°C during the rearing cycle. An improved strain such as GIFT fed with balanced feed reach this weight in 4 months at a daily weight gain of 3 g/day and a constant temperature of 28°C, but at 22°C and the same duration the final weight would be 60 g (Santos et al., 2013). It is unknown what additional production GIFT will bring to an unfed pond, the utility in selecting a strain in this low-input environment (Charo-Charisa, 2006) and the reaction of this selected strain when facing moderate intensification.
Probably, the value of the expected gain is not able to finance any selection service or even fry distribution at these small scales. Though carp fingerlings are available at the national level, producers give up their supplies, showing how unrealistic this option is. Farmers will see access to selected fish as an additional financial cost, which does not meet their expectations. Moreover, in the current situation, some traders or projects already promote exceptional quality seed that are never verified, an inevitable scam which perhaps participates in the maturing of the fish farming sector.
First, the tilapia population used by smallholders should be described genetically. It would help to set up a management plan to preserve the potential and genetic variability taking while also considering the specific context. It should be noted that the fish farmers described have already implemented a rough genetic management plan; it is based on integral renewal of broodstock combined with exchanges of a few breeders within and between groups of fish farmers and also a small supply from the natural environment.
The position of international institutions (such as FAO, WorldFish) on genetics, since taken by the technical services of Cameroon, has to be questioned by research. Does this apparent vocation of universality of improved tilapia apply to fish farming systems that are primarily based on natural productivity and geographically scattered (Khaw et al., 2013)? Does it not exclude all forms of development based on self-sufficiency of farmers for fish stocking supply? And does it thus exclude the ability of most people in rural and poor environments to sustainably adopt a system that is self-sufficient in fish? Like the paradigm of balanced feed, access to genetically improved strains is not the limiting factor in developing smallholders’ fish farming and increasing fish yields; the supply of nutrients to stimulate the pond food chain appears more efficient (Karim et al., 2011)." (Oswald, Efolé et Mikolasek, in press)
page 43 "In sub-Saharan Africa the very limited information available also underlines the importance of local trade. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo for instance, data collected from the region of Lubumbashi revealed that households consume fish on average 5.17 times per week (31% consumed fish every day)"
voir au dessus
Page 43 : It could also in the specific case of Africa stimulate the production of aquaculture which has had difficulties in taking off. The increased demand for fish by the growing urban (and rural) population could boost investments of, e.g., peri-urban aquaculture (Brummett et al 2004)
"Commercial farming is successful; however, it requires the use of many imported resources (inputs, expertise). Purely commercial farming supplies the large African city markets, which are most likely to generate profits. Integrated and more extensive fish farming is often considered inefficient because of the perceived waste of subsidies (i.e., spending without subsequent development). For fish farming integrated into small household agriculture, many realities exist in humid West Africa. Many such systems have proven both their efficiency and resilience over the past 20 years (Oswald, 2013; Simon and Benhamou, 2009; El Sayed 2006; Oswald et al., 1997a)" (Oswald, Efole et Mikolasek, in press)
Les modèles industriels ( et le plus souvent les PME ) - le nouveau paradigme de l'aliment extrudé complet- produisent un poisson cher qui est réservé à la clientèle iasée des grandes villes
Page 54 : Although demand for fresh fish is increasing in Africa (in particular in urban areas), smoked, dried and low quality processed fish still represents by far the largest majority of the fish consumed by the rural populations but also by the low income classes in urban areas.
La faible efficience des filières de distribution du poisson congelé importé par exemple fait que le poisson y est distribué en milieu rural à un prix plus élevé que celui en ville (observations faite au Cameroun, en côte dIvoire ...)
Page 59 : ”The relative poor performance of African aquaculture has been caused by a number of factors, among them the different market conditions in Africa, but also the externally driven focus on smallholder aquaculture. Whilst this has proven successful in building resilience of poor smallholder farmers to external shocks through improving household nutrition, building social capital (through exchange of fish within communities) and reducing sensibility to periodic drought, it had not led to significant growth in production at national or continental level.
voir plus haut, il peut exister des développement significatifs de modèles de pisciculture qui soient en adéquation avec les ressources en intrants limités des paysans
Rather, current evidence indicate that significant increases in farmed fish production in Africa are more likely to be achieved through careful investment in well targeted value chain approaches to the development of the SME [small and medium enterprises] aquaculture sector in place where this can respond to strong markets (…)” (2010, p. 355)
Les SME, est uen réalité généralisable ou un voeux (en Afrique)
Page 61 : For aquaculture, the conclusions are not so clear. The small-scale, subsistence aquaculture model has failed to deliver its promises in terms of poverty alleviation and food security, and the paradigm has now shifted toward slightly larger (i.e. medium- scale), more commercial-oriented enterprises, with the hope that this new emphasis on medium scale will be more successful at delivering benefits. Time will tell whether this was the right strategy.
j'adère cette idée que le rôle respectif des différenes catégories de pisciculture reste à clarifier. Et les insuccès en Afrique de la pisiculture paysanne ne restent -elles pas liées à l'insuffisance de la prise en compte de la dimension socioéconomique de l'activité en lien avec la valorisation du statu de paysan ou d'agriculteurs familiaux ?
cela pose toutes sortes d'autres quesions sur les modèles qui sont proposés (reconstruits) aux paysans. Et ceci est crai pour l'Afrique mais aussi sur d'autres continent à l'exemple des modèles sociotechniques développés dans certains Etat du Sud Brésilien etc.
"
Olivier Mikolasek