推动农业、渔业及林业生物多样性主流化，改善粮食安全与营养水平
This online discussion will contribute to define further the objectives and partnerships of the Biodiversity Mainstreaming Platform and to advance the development of its work programme.
In 2017, FAO Members welcomed the FAO’s initiative to act as Biodiversity Mainstreaming Platform and requested the Organization to facilitate, in collaboration with its partners, the integration of actions for the conservation, sustainable use, management and restoration of biological diversity across agricultural sectors at national, regional and international levels[1].
Being global in scope, the Platform aims to improve cross-sectoral coordination of policies and practices to mainstream biodiversity by a wide range of stakeholders. The ultimate goal of the Platform is to promote and facilitate the adoption of good practices across all agricultural sectors that will support the conservation and sustainable use and management of biodiversity and increase the productivity, stability and resilience of production systems in an integrated approach.
Biodiversity and mainstreaming
Biodiversity, or biological diversity, stands for the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
Biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential in supporting agriculture in multiples ways and at all levels. These interlinkages are increasingly seen as key for livelihoods, welfare, production and development. The Global Environmental Facility Scientific and Advisory Panel has defined mainstreaming biodiversity as “the process of embedding biodiversity considerations into policies, strategies and practices of key public and private actors that impact or rely on biodiversity, so that it is conserved and sustainably and equitably used both locally and globally” . The same document notes that mainstreaming is a long-term process, a social experiment in changing the value structures of institutions and individuals with vital consequences for the natural world and the humans who rely on it. Good governance and strong institutions are key determinants of success.
The first major activity of the Biodiversity Platform will be the organization, by the FAO and the Convention on Biological Diversity, of the Multi-stakeholder Dialogue on Biodiversity Mainstreaming across Agricultural Sectors (29-31 May 2018 – Rome, Italy).
In the weeks leading up to this meeting, we would like to invite you to help us identify areas of joint action in developing integrated approaches for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Such approaches should aim at reducing the ecological footprint of agriculture, fisheries and forestry, and at the same time, they should allow for an increased production to meet the growing demand for nutritious, healthy food.
As we know, while biodiversity and ecosystem services are critical to agricultural sectors, including crop and livestock agriculture, forest, fisheries and aquaculture sectors, these are also major drivers of environmental change with significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services. One main impact on biodiversity loss derives from the conversion of natural or semi-natural land into agricultural land uses, followed by the introduction of invasive alien species, including pests and diseases. At the same time, sustainable agriculture practices can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity, habitats and ecosystem services provision
We would therefore be grateful if you could share your insights and examples on any of the following questions. For your information, please also refer to the instruments, guidelines, tools and technical materials developed by FAO and made available in the background documents section.
1) Biodiversity is an important contributor to food security and improved nutrition. Could you share examples/activities in your work where
- biodiversity is contributing in achieving food security and improved nutrition?
- the overuse of biodiversity compromise food security and nutrition?
2) All agricultural sectors (crop and livestock, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture) rely on biodiversity and on the ecosystem functions and services, they underpin. At the same time, these sectors may affect biodiversity through various direct and indirect drivers. Could you share examples/activities in your work
- where a (sustainable) production system played a key role for the conservation of the biodiversity surrounding it? Please provide detailed information you may have or know of and identify the agricultural sector.
- where a(n) (unsustainable) production system played a key role for the degradation of the biodiversity surrounding it? Please provide detailed information you may have or know of and identify the agricultural sector.
3) Good governance, enabling frameworks, and stewardship initiatives are needed to facilitate mainstreaming of biodiversity within and across agricultural sectors.
- Do you have any examples of such enabling factors and initiatives or the lack of it? Examples could include Cross-sectoral land use planning; Macro-economic policy and public investment; Elimination, phasing out and reform of perverse incentives harmful to biodiversity; Product labelling and market certification schemes; Green finance and private investment or others
- Which partners need to be involved in institutional frameworks, policies and processes for biodiversity mainstreaming to strengthen them?
4) The importance of biodiversity for improved food security and better nutrition is not always evident to those engaged in agricultural sectors.
- What needs to be done to increase awareness of farmers, livestock keepers, fisher folks and foresters, their organizations and the industry of the relevance of biodiversity and ecosystem services for the food and agriculture production in their sector?
- How can the technical and institutional capacity needed to promote sustainable agriculture and reduce the impact on biodiversity be developed?
We thank you very much for your inputs and look forward to an engaging exchange.
Yours
Irene Hoffmann
Secretary
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
FAO
and
Paulo Augusto Lourenco Dias Nunes
Natural Resources Officer
Climate, Biodiversity, Land and Water Department
FAO
[1] C 2017/33
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In response to:
Could you share examples/activities in your work where biodiversity is contributing in achieving food security and improved nutrition? And the overuse of biodiversity compromise food security and nutrition?
One of the most popular tools for marine biodiversity has been marine protected areas (MPAs). However, much debate surrounds MPAs and their impacts on social issues such as food security. I recently read a paper that discusses this issue at length. Kamat and Kinshella (2018) investigated the effects of MPAs on food security by highlighting various cases. They showed that in some cases food security improved but in others decreased. Then the authors introduced their own case from Tanzania. They concluded that food security is such a multifaceted issue and varies from location to location. Thus, MPAs should be considered on a case by case basis when trying to both conserve biodiversity and increase food security. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601211)
In response to:
Could you share examples/activities in your work where a (sustainable) production system played a key role for the conservation of the biodiversity surrounding it? Please provide detailed information you may have or know of and identify the agricultural sector.
I think a great example of a sustainable production system advocating for the conservation of its surrounding biodiversity could be pearl farming. Pearl farming is a practice dependent on pristine environmental conditions. Thus, many pearl farms work very hard to protect their surrounding waters through green energy initiatives, zero pollutant discharge, and strong enforcement. There is some evidence to suggest that pearl farms have actually increased fish abundance in French Polynesia. (https://www.pubfacts.com/detail/24341945/The-influence-of-pearl-oyster-…)
Additionally, another example that comes to mind is the culture of rare species for both economic and conservation purposes. For example, the sahar (Tor putitora) is a valuable indigenous fish of Nepal that is now on the endangered species list. Currently, experiments are occurring to breed sahar in ponds with some successes reported. With more research, hatcheries could be established for sahar which would promote a new industry in Nepal as well as restore local populations. (http://aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/sites/aquafishcrsp.oregonstate.edu/…)
In response to:
Good governance, enabling frameworks, and stewardship initiatives are needed to facilitate mainstreaming of biodiversity within and across agricultural sectors. Do you have any examples of such enabling factors and initiatives or the lack of it?
An excellent example of good governance for mainstreaming biodiversity is the system used to organize Locally Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs) in Madagascar. This system involves a local set of laws known as dina being determined by various villages that are party to the LMMA. Then, an elected body made up of community members are responsible for the enforcement of the dina. All permanent residents of villages within the LMMA are "de jure" members, with the right to participate in the association and benefit from its actions. Additionally, each village elects representatives that will sit on an assembly which meets frequently to stay up-to-date with the dina and discuss other happenings in the LMMA. This political set-up has allowed for consistent management and communication and consequently led to a successful LMMA with multiple uses such as: the banning of destructive fishing methods, no-take zones, mangrove and seagrass protected areas, aquaculture zones, and tourism areas. (https://tropicalconservationscience.mongabay.com/content/v3/10-12-20_44…)
Biodiversity is crucial to human well-being, sustainable development, and poverty reduction. Agro-biodiversity has always formed the basis for human food production systems and has provided cultural, spiritual, religious, and aesthetic value for human societies. Agro-biodiversity refers to all crops and animals, their wild relatives, and the species that interact with and support these species. It includes the variety and variability of living organisms that contribute to food and agriculture in the broadest sense. As such, these species would usually be considered under the term agro-biodiversity. The importance of various components of agricultural biodiversity and the contribution they make to sustainable production, livelihoods, and ecosystem health are now widely appreciated. Improved management and use of diversity for production necessary, fortunately, awareness of the need for sustainable agricultural production has increased, in response to the unprecedented population growth, food demand, and regionally high per capita use of natural resources and global environmental change that is now occurring. The focus is shifting to a greater reliance on ecological goods and services, which is especially important for modern intensive agriculture since there will be less-damaging effects on environmental quality and on the biodiversity of wildlands. Conservation of existing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and the adoption of biodiversity-based practices have been proposed as ways to increase the sustainability of agricultural production.
Biodiversity is key to food security and nutrition. It is needed to sustainably produce enough nutritious food in the face of challenges, such as climate change and growing populations with changing diets. Production should address not only the quantity of food or calories but high nutrient values such as vitamins, minerals, and other micronutrients as well. In agricultural ecosystems, maintenance of biological diversity is important both for food production and to conserve the ecological foundations necessary to sustain life and rural livelihoods. Agriculture is a major user of biodiversity but also has the potential to contribute to the protection of biodiversity. Occupying more than one-third of the land in most countries of the world, if managed sustainably, agriculture can contribute to important ecosystem functions. These include maintenance of water quality, erosion control, biological pest control and pollination.
Both native and exotic plants sp. are valuable in biodiversity conservation but native plants sp. Due to modernization all, our natural and agricultural resources have been depleted rapidly. Concrete extension efforts are needed to conserve biodiversity especially in agriculture and other fields. Agriculture extension personnel need to be trained in this field is the need of the hour. We can conserve our biodiversity through planting more plants or by conserving the existing plant through, community seed bank, educating women about the importance of biodiversity conservation, strict enforcement of various laws related to biodiversity.
Most rural farmers in Nigeria are not even aware of the practice of Biodiversity, or biological diversity, primarily because the farmers practice inherited agricultural practice that seem to follow tradition, some practices that they have held unto over generations, these practices.
Trust in Biodiversity and biological diversity is a major concern among farmers, as they still believe that biodiversity or biological diversity has cultural implications from traditional belief, due to modification of the seeds and Agricultural produce.
To have them engaged in the practice of Biodiversity, or biological diversity, we need to educate them, train the, teach them, let them understand the innovation, how it has helped to increase agricultural yields in a shorter time.
Biodiversity or biological diversity is wealth of any nation to be conserved, used , exchanged and future crops which are resilient to climate change are to be evolved.
The most unique feature of earth is the existence of life is its diversity. Approximately 9 million types of plants, animals and fungi inhabit the earth along with 9 billions of people.
In 1992 , at the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro Brazil, the vast majority of the world's nations declared that human actions are dismantling the Earth's ecosystems, eliminating genes, species and biological traits at an alarming rate. Increasing concern about dwindling biological resources led to the establishment of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) in 1992.
In India measures for conservation and sustainable uses of biodiversity did not start with CBD. India has a long history of conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. The Biological Diversity Act-2002 was enacted to adopt the objectives enshrined in the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in 2003 to implement India’s Biodiversity Act. India has a very rich reservoir of horticultural crops-fruits, vegetables, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, plantation crops, tubers, bamboos and mushrooms.
A series BIODIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS now in Vol.VII was edited and published (www.astralint.com).The ICAR-NBPGR has the mandate to collect, document, describe, conserve and make available to users the genetic resources of plants.
Likewise ICAR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources and ICAT National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources are established.
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