成员简介
女士 Karlynn Kelso
组织:
Environmental Defense Fund
国家:
美国
专业领域:
I am working on:
Fisheries management and policy focused on Asia-Pacific region.
女士 Karlynn Kelso
Committee on World Food Security (CFS) Secretariat
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00153, Rome Italy
Dear Committee on World Food Security Secretariat,
We recognize and applaud the Committee on Food Security’s dedication to developing Voluntary Guidelines on Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Empowerment in the context of food and nutrition. These guidelines will be an essential component to ensuring a future planet that can nourish a growing population while achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. With the inclusion of the points below, we believe these guidelines will be strengthened and have the potential to further enhance gender equality and women’s and girls’ empowerment globally in the face of climate change.
The importance of aquatic/blue foods is heightened in small-scale fisheries and coastal communities as women fishers and fish workers contribute food and nutrition of their families as well as household income.[14] Despite the fact that improving gender equality in fisheries is linked to poverty reduction and greater development, most reform and equity efforts, especially in small-scale fisheries, fail to address existing gender inequalities.[15],[16] Gender-disaggregated data on the impact of women, especially resulting from their activities in small-scale fisheries, is needed to understand their important contributions to food and nutrition security and support proper management and policy creation. Studies have shown that when interventions emphasize empowerment of women, consumption of fish and other aquatic foods and income; nutritional benefits can be achieved.[17]
Thus, for example, financial literacy is another aspect of gender equity that deserves special attention. Financial literacy training for women can help to support improved livelihoods and local economies in fishing communities, enabling women -- who often have held only informal roles in managing household budgets -- to move into the more formal economy and gain experience and economic power.[18] In general these important contributions by women are often overlooked by policy makers, society, and industry.[19]
Furthermore, women face special challenges and risks such as higher prevalence of HIV infection compared to men in fishing communities around the world -- for example, when they are forced by circumstances to trade sex for access to fish in order to be able to sell the fish in the marketplace.[20] Often resulting from “women’s diminished bargaining power, lack of income, and lack of nutritional security”,[21] these examples provide further evidence and justification for placing a greater emphasis on the need to recognize the role of women and girls in the blue economy within the Zero Draft. This can be achieved through the following suggestions:
Recognition of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines) including the importance of adoption of the key principles of these guidelines, through Constitutional, statutory or regulatory changes or via policy reforms within Member States (specific reference in paragraph 17 and Section 3.5, ‘Access to and control over natural and productive resources’) and support for secure tenure rights that ensure access for women.
*It is important to note that an impending report, developed by Duke University, WorldFish and FAO under the project Illuminating Hidden Harvests, will provide updated evidence and statistics on the role of women and girls in global small-scale fisheries and aquaculture.
In summary, we suggest that adding discussion on three key points will greatly strengthen and enhance the already valuable Voluntary Guidelines on Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Empowerment in the context of food and nutrition. These points are: 1) the disproportionate impacts of climate change on women, especially in relation to food and nutrition security; 2) the importance of women in the production of aquatic foods and throughout the blue economy; and 3) the need for legally enforceable policies and mechanisms to support and protect the rights of women throughout the food system.
Best Regards,
Karly Kelso
Director, Climate Resilient Food Systems
Environmental Defense Fund
Dr. Shakuntala Thilsted
2021 World Food Prize Laureate
Maria Honig
Lead, WWF Accelerating Coastal Community-Led Conservation Initiative
World Wildlife Fund
Jim Leape
Co-Director of the Center for Ocean Solutions/William and Eva Price Senior Fellow
Woods Institute for the Environment
Stanford University
Kristian Teleki
Director
Friends of Ocean Action
John Virdin
Director, Oceans & Coastal Policy Program
Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions
Duke University
Works Cited:
[1] FAO. (2018). The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050 (Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; p. 224). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://www.fao.org/3/i8429en/i8429en.pdf
[2] Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture: Synthesis of current knowledge, adaptation and mitigation options. (2018). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/I9705EN
[3] Eastin, J. (2018). Climate change and gender equality in developing states. World Development, 107, 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021
[4] Thomas, K., Hardy, R. D., Lazrus, H., Mendez, M., Orlove, B., Rivera-Collazo, I., Roberts, J. T., Rockman, M., Warner, B. P., & Winthrop, R. (2019). Explaining differential vulnerability to climate change: A social science review. WIREs Climate Change, 10(2), e565. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.565
[5] The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. (2021). FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en
[6] Burden, M., & Fujita, R. (2019). Better fisheries management can help reduce conflict, improve food security, and increase economic productivity in the face of climate change. Marine Policy, 108, 103610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103610
[7] Sarkar, D., Kar, S. K., Chattopadhyay, A., Shikha, Rakshit, A., Tripathi, V. K., Dubey, P. K., & Abhilash, P. C. (2020). Low input sustainable agriculture: A viable climate-smart option for boosting food production in a warming world. Ecological Indicators, 115, 106412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106412
[8] Cook, N. J., Grillos, T., & Andersson, K. P. (2019). Gender quotas increase the equality and effectiveness of climate policy interventions. Nature Climate Change, 9(4), 330–334. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0438-4
[9] Harper, S. Ashade, Lam V.W.Y., Pauly, D., Sumaila, U.R. (2020). Valuing invisible catches: Estimating the global contribution by women to small-scale marine capture fisheries production. PLOS ONE 15 (3). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228912
[10] FAO. (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. http://www.fao.org/3/ca9229en/online/ca9229en.html
[11] Hidden Harvest The Global Contribution of Capture Fisheries (2012). The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/515701468152718292/pdf/664690ESW0P1210120HiddenHarvest0web.pdf
[12] Matthews, Elizabeth, Jamie Bechtel, Easkey Britton, Karl Morrison and Caleb McClennen (2012). A Gender Perspective on Securing Livelihoods and Nutrition in Fish-dependent Coastal Communities. Report to The Rockefeller Foundation from Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY.
[13]Monfort, M.C. (2015). The role of women in the seafood industry. FAO and GLOBEFISH. http://agricultura.gencat.cat/web/.content/de_departament/de02_estadistiques_observatoris/27_butlletins/02_butlletins_nd/documents_nd/fitxers_estatics_nd/2015/0159_2015_DR_DonaRural_Dona-sector-pesquer.pdf
[14] Bennett, A., Patil, P. Kleisner, K. Rader, D., Virdin, J., Basurto, X. (2018) Contribution of Fisheries to Food and Nutrition Security: Current Knowledge, Policy, and Research. NI Report 18-02. Durham, NC: Duke University, http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/publication
[15] Mangubhai, S. and Lawless, S. (2020). Exploring gender inclusion in small-scale fisheries management and development in Melanesia. Marine Policy Vol 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104287
[16] Harper, S., Zeller, D., Hauzer, M., Pauly, D., Sumaila, U.S., (2013) Women and fisheries: Contribution to food security and local economies. Marine Policy Vol 39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.018
[17] Kawarazuka, N. 2010. The Contribution of Fish intake, aquaculture, and small scale fisheries to improving nutrition: A literature review. The WorldFish Center Working Paper No. 2106. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia. 44p.
[18]Damayanti, O. and Fitriana, R. (2021). In Indonesia, financial literacy is key to sustainable fishery livelihoods for communities. http://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2021/11/09/in-indonesia-financial-literacy-is-key-to-sustainable-fishery-livelihoods-for-communities/
[19] Harper, S. Ashade, Lam V.W.Y., Pauly, D., Sumaila, U.R. (2020). Valuing invisible catches: Estimating the global contribution by women to small-scale marine capture fisheries production. PLOS ONE 15 (3). https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228912
[20] Matthews, Elizabeth, Jamie Bechtel, Easkey Britton, Karl Morrison and Caleb McClennen (2012). A Gender Perspective on Securing Livelihoods and Nutrition in Fish-dependent Coastal Communities. Report to The Rockefeller Foundation from Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY.
[21] Ibid.