The future of Family Farming: empowerment and equal rights for women and youth
To cultivate the next generation of family farmers, we must invest in women and youth.
The stereotype of the young male farmer has given way to the reality of an aging, female-fronted farming force. In the developing world, women make up 43 percent of the agricultural labor—and, in some countries, they make up 80 percent of agricultural labor. However, in some South American and European countries, rural young women are leaving the countryside in search of employment in urban centers leading to the masculinization of farming in these regions.
Women face many obstacles to productive farming. Compared to men, they have limited access to credit and lack control of family funds. In fact, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) found that only 10 percent of credit in sub-Saharan Africa is available to women. Female farmers also face scant educational opportunities and gender discrimination at markets. Without available funds and proper training, women are unable to make improvements to their farming methods and continue to suffer from low food yields. Melanne Verveer, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women’s Issues, FAO, emphasizes, “In many developing countries, women are the backbone of the economy. Yet women farmers do not have equal access to resources and this significantly limits their potential in enhancing productivity.” But encouraging experiences can be found, such in Brazil, where women have joint title to land, as part of innovative land reform policies, giving them equal ownership of land with their male partners, whether they are married or not. According to FAO, providing female farmers access to the same resources as men could reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 100-150 million people. And when women earn more and have better rights, they tend to invest more in the health and nutrition of their families.
Today’s youth are tomorrow’s family farmers, and maintaining interest in farming as a profession is vital to future food security. Youth make up roughly one fifth of the population of developing and emerging economies and face global unemployment levels from 10 to 28 percent. The number of young people of working age is increasing while this same group typically rejects careers in the agriculture and food system. But we can change that and cultivate the next generation of agricultural leaders—not just farmers, but food entrepreneurs, scientists, agronomists, extension agents, union and government leaders. Governments, particularly in developing countries, but also elsewhere need to invest in policies and practices that provide access to land, credit and banking services, education and knowledge, and technical skills for young farmers. And these governments need to ensure that young people have access to markets, goods and service, employment opportunities, and leisure so that they want to stay on the farm.
Food Tank is excited to be collaborating with the FAO to promote 2014 as the International Year of Family Farming (IYFF).We look forward to participants highlighting current initiatives that work to empower female and youth farmers, and are interested to hear suggestions for improving livelihoods of female farmers and encouraging youth to pursue farming. Some questions to consider include:
- What are some of the key challenges women and youth in agriculture are facing? For example, many rural areas in the developing world aren’t stimulating places for youth to live and develop? How can we make rural areas more attractive to youth?
- Please share any programs and initiatives you are leading/participating that are helping to strengthen the role of woman and youth in agriculture.
- What measures can family farmers’ organizations, governments, development organizations, the private sector take to ensure empowerment and equal rights of women and youth in agriculture?
We look forward to a lively and thought-provoking discussion. Thank you in advance for your contribution!
Danielle Nierenberg
President and Co-Founder
Food Tank, foodtank.org
- Read 24 contributions
Bonjour à tous,
je me réjouis d'être invité à contribuer à cette question très importante et remercie toute l'équipe du FSN.
La place qu'occupe les femmes dans certains systèmes agricoles est en train d'être reléguer second plan maintenant en comparaison aux années antérieures. Dans les systèmes dominées par la culture du cacao dans la zone forestière en Côte d'Ivoire, une reconversion est entrain de s'opérer. les jeunes commencent à s'intéresser aux cultures pratiquées dans les bas-fonds à savoir le riz et les maraichers.
Les jeunes commencent à s'affirmer et s'épanouir économiquement par les revenus de cette exploitation de bas-fonds, pendant que la tendance actuelle des femmes est d'être utilisées comme main d’œuvre (pour le désherbage) dans les parcelles de riz des jeunes hommes de plus en plus grandes.
Elles réduisent ainsi les superficies de leurs propres parcelles. Certes, elles gagnent de l'argent mais reste vulnérables et sous la dépendance des ces jeunes agriculteurs.
L'idéal pour nous c'est de pouvoir promouvoir la mécanisation et surtout l’utilisation optimale des produits phytosanitaires aux populations des zones rurales très souvent analphabètes. Car ces populations pensent à tord que les produits phytosanitaires sont inefficaces.
Les politiques agricoles dans les pays e développement devrait beaucoup plus s'accentuer sur la formation des jeunes et des femmes aux techniques agricoles les plus rentable et sur l'utilisation des intrants phytosanitaires.
Merci à tous, cordialement Franck KONAN
Dear Colleagues,
From the soil, to my hands and through my heart and head, I thank you for the opportunity to participate in this important conversation! I am participating in this panel as a beginning woman farmer and farm owner of five years and in support of the WFO Women's Committee which I am member of representing the National Farmers Union in the U.S.
I had difficulties uploading the file with my comments, so I have embedded them in this post. Below, please find a few broad comments regarding questions posed from Ms. Nierenberg. As the discussion unfolds, I look forward to learning where and how I might build on comments and share these highlights with other women farmers and groups I am engaged with back home and around the world. I mostly view my role in this conversation as a delegate on behalf of National Farmers Union and the WFO Women's Committee, though when relevant, I will weave in perspectives and programs that I have personally been involved with for my farm both locally and globally that have been help for me in my professional growth.
Thank you very much for your time and convening the space for this important discussion. I look forward to learning more as the conversation unfolds.
With appreciation,
Erin Schneider
- Organic Farmer, Facilitator, Consultant
- Co-owner, Hilltop Community Farm, LLC
- World Farmer Organization, Women's Committee
- National Farmers Union, United States
What are some of the key challenges women and youth in agriculture are facing?
The challenges I would hone in on are land, market access, and discrimination (whether in markets or with accessing credit, equitable pay).
Lack of access to land is a core underlying issue especially for new and beginning farmers.
This often is a result of difficulties in accessing the finances to buy or rent land as part of the farm business and in some parts of the world, women not being recognized or allowed to own land. For example, in the U.S. land may be available but many beginning farmers lack the cash or access to credit. The 2014 Farm Bill in the U.S. Includes many programs and gives USDA additional tools to help support, train, and provide technical assistance to new farmers and women farmers. Whether it's through tax incentives to help landowner to sell their farmland to a young farmer, or creating 'farm – centric' urban and suburban subdivisions.
I know land ownership, access, and tenure are a huge hurdles for many throughout the world and I look forward to learning how we might collectively address this challenge.
I am personally lucky in that I have access to land. It was inherited through the family, though the saying 'land rich, cash poor' is close to home for me as we slowly grow our farm business. I also think access to capital and non-exploitation of women/youth in the marketplace is a challenge that needs to be addressed.
For example, consolidation in the marketplace is a huge hurdle. In the U.S. when four firms control more than 40% of a market it is non-competitive. By the numbers, four companies control: 82% of beef packing industry, 85% of soybean processing, 63% of pork packing, 53% of broiler chicken processing (source University of Missouri – Columbia, 2012).
The upside is that many women and youth farmers are engaged in diversified production and selling direct to customers, thus able to capture a greater market share and avoiding some of the volatilities associated with commodity markets. Also, focus is on cooperative business model, working with other growers to prepare and add value to products, and pooling resources and product to reach markets and services that are otherwise hard to reach for small-holder farmers when operating individually. However, food price points and margins are tight, even through a Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) model that we use on our farm for our fruits and vegetables, and overall net income often falls short for farming to cover cost of living expenses and health care. As a result, farmers work off farm, sometimes holding multiple jobs to make a go, myself included. I think this is tied, in part, to economics of labor and where/how subsidies are paid out.
A third issue is around discrimination in general that women farmers face globally and which we still struggle with in the U.S. I'm not sure where the status of the Claims settlement is or how many women farmers participated, but women qualify under many SDA/Socially Disadvantaged farmer USDA definitions. I think that NGO's and farmer organizations can support women in connecting beginning women farmers with the FSA loan programs that have priority status for SDA/women farmer groups.
Share any programs and initiatives you are leading/participating that are helping to strengthen the role of women and youth in agriculture.
I have been fortunate to be able to participate in programs both in my backyard at my farm in Wisconsin and throughout the world in places such as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Senegal, Zambia, and Argentina. I wanted to share a few programs that have impacted my ability as well as other farmers' to gain ground and sustainably grow our farm businesses. I hope that wherever you are in the world and wherever you might sit on the agricultural value chain, you can tease out common threads that can be applied, tweaked and adapted to your local communities.
Locally (Wisconsin)
The Dairy Grazing Apprenticeship Program in Wisconsin that pairs beginning farmers with experienced farmers, sometimes with the goal of eventual farm transfer between the two is a bright spot.
Theme: The program provides a slow transfer in equity from mentor farmer to apprentice.
Rural Women's Project – In Her Boots Program
Theme: I wanted to emphasize the importance of the peer-network model in women-in-ag training and I think the In Her Boots project is a great example of this. The workshops are based on the idea that women farmers learn best from each other. The Women, Food & Agriculture Network/WFAN programming models this principle too. Workshops rotate where you meet (opportunity to visit other farms).
National/Regional (U.S./North America):
Beginning Farmers Institute (BFI) Program through National Farmers Union
Women's Conference/Annie's Project
Themes: For the BFI – Beginning Farmers from all types of farms representing different regions in the U.S. Able to gather and focus on business planning, risk management. Small-group (7 – 9 participants). Combines meetings/discussions with farm visits that highlight success stories. Engages beginning farmers in shaping agenda and offers opportunities for program 'graduates' to help lead a session for next cohort. Respects diversity/differences of opinion and as a result able to build consensus and find common threads.
Globally:
World Farmer Organization Women's Committee -
University of Wisconsin Global Health Partnership Model – working with women farmers, Public Health and Physicians in WI and Ethiopia to support market access to sweet potatoes – broader themes of better access to water/irrigation and markets, building networks and relationships across sectors.
Themes:
With the WFO Women's Committee – women farmers serve as advocates/spokespeople and bridge builders in helping communicate success stories, making sure that women farmers have a voice at the decision making table where international agriculture policy and trade decisions are made. Also, the committee serves as a learning community where we can share case studies and success stories with other farmers in the world. I know there are other WFO Women's committee members participating with this forum and can weigh in on the value of this committee as well.
With F2F the on the ground emphasis is on peer to peer learning and matching volunteers with interests/skill sets of host country and project need.
With independent delegations I have done at our farm and in Central America, visiting farms and learning/experiencing production, whether it's coffee, mangoes or currants, and all the steps that go into processing from root to table is really eye opening for eaters.
With the Global Health Partnership - Twinning partnerships built between host organizations, farmers, and local community, as a result can come full circle in exchanging knowledge, ideas, networks/access to markets such as sweet potatoes.
What is evidenced in all of the programs mentioned is that the people the programs are meant to serve (women and beginning farmers) are involved in some capacity with shaping the project and program itself. If we want to support women and beginning farmers, then we need to offer opportunities for them to take leadership, shape the solutions and outcomes of these programs.
I would be interested in learning success stories with programs that support economic development for farmers and their communities and what the common themes are to ensure success and that the funds actually get to where they are intended.
What measures can family farmers' organizations, governments, development organizations, the private sector take to ensure empowerment and equal rights of youth and women in agriculture?
This is a great question! I will do my best to summarize a few thoughts that come to the forefront:
Technical Support and Business Development (esp around helping access land/credit, markets): As a farmer, I have witnessed well-intentioned experts and scientists deliver 'best practices and technologies' to our farm and farmer networks without an understanding of culture or practical applications to field or farm systems. For women, I think we generally tend to process and learn in community, our scale is often smaller and diversified (at least for starting out). On our farm we look to other farmers for perspectives and advice as well as engaging expert knowledge. I think it's really important to create space for both farmer to farmer interaction (peer to peer network model in programs mentioned above), and opportunities for farmers to access expert advise.
Without their representation and input in the process, well intentioned programs will fall short in delivery and sometimes create unintended consequences/negative impacts. My observation is that this has been the case when it comes to technical expertise and access to inputs such as seeds and fertilizers. I observed this in my experiences working with farmers through the farmer to farmer program and farm visits around the world. I do think we need to take an honest look at how technical support programs are created, delivered and who benefits. Companies and organizations which provide technical support and products such as seeds and fertilizers can do a myriad of research and good will in the world, and perhaps their development funds could be geared toward participatory plant breeding efforts, access to seeds and technical expertise that is combined with appropriate training/implementation to ensure optimal use and above all engages with women and youth in asking what is needed and how to work together toward finding solutions.
I look forward to learning what others have done when it comes to technical training/support for women and youth farmers.
For beginning and youth farmers, I think a farm incubator model is a great way for beginning farmers to not have to front all the capital costs in tools/equipment, and have a group of peers and mentor farmers available as they get started. This is a role that public/private partnerships can play in helping fund the land and educational support of incubators.
The USDA Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program has funded incubator models and you learn more on their website.
Process Measures – How you do it is what you get: I also think there needs to be a focus on process when it comes to program/policy creation, delivery, and follow – up.
To better understand the inequities in the food system and why women and youth disproportionately feel the impact, the work to change inequities must include people who have faced these in finding solutions. For starters ask women and youth (whether it's through writing, listening sessions, radio, social media, or artwork, video, etc.), how they are/have been disempowered and work with them in taking the lead on finding solutions to inequities.
I think women and youth must be part of the discussion, work in partnership with groups, NGO's etc. when it comes to creating programs and policies. I think this can be done anywhere in the world, though it takes commitment and for those with positional power/leadership to extend the invitation to engage with women/youth, those who they are hoping to serve. For example, invite and include women and youth as spokespeople for the programs, share space next time you host a workshop, conference or roundtable, to include women and youth as panelists, co-instructors or facilitators.
A few examples of program/process models for creating welcoming, participatory spaces for women/youth to co-create policies/programs and be involved as both learners and leaders that I have had the opportunity to engage with directly, are as follows:
Locally (Wisconsin) – Wisconsin Farmers Union – Emerging Leaders Program. Supports leadership development of farmers in general, including women and beginning farmers. Child care is provided.
While not directly related to agriculture, the UW MANIAC program (Madison Area Network for Innovation and Collaboration) is an excellent example of a learning community and I have used many tools, ideas in projects and events that I've implemented on my farm. The group has also led to finding new consulting projects and networking with other food related businesses.
National/Regional (U.S./North America) – Beginning Farmer Institute with National Farmers Union
Iowa's Value Chain Partnership
Globally: My participation with the WFO Women's Committee and the WFO in general, is a great example of farmers (women/youth) working and gathering with experts and learning from people from all over the world who may have very different perspectives and opinions.
Woven into all these programs and initiatives, are women/youth as spokespeople, helping shape the agenda {and the ability to engage with experts in the field of interest whether it is co-op development or writing a business plan}. Minimal lecture and more time for discussion/activities or better still, hosting at a farm and/or a relaxing space. Using tools such as story-telling, providing a handful of ways for people to engage in the process (ex: individual writing/interviews, group listening sessions/discussions, video/social media) and being sure to include food/water and/or other ways to wake up the senses. Also, having a facilitator/host – someone who provides a structural anchor-is key and helps with follow-up to keep the pace. Having multiple ways for people to engage in finding solutions is also important.
I've learned a lot in terms of process from Art of Hosting workshops, Appreciative Inquiry, and Open Space Technology
I know there are other programs/tools for engagement that others are working on and toward and I look forward to learning more of your comments in this forum.
I would also love to learn ways we can bridge-build with men, make allies in supporting women's equity that are to the benefit of all.
My sense is that men are very open and wanting to engage in supporting women farmers, though in practice it is still psychologically/subconsciously difficult to share space, make room for people and ideas that may be different from their own and in some cases men (and women) are unwilling to give up or share positional power.
If you have stayed with my comments this long you understand that brevity was never a strongpoint of mine and that I love farming, I love fruit, and I'd love to hear from you.
Thank you very much for your time and convening the space for this important discussion. I look forward to learning more as the conversation unfolds.
With appreciation,
Erin Schneider
Organic Farmer, Facilitator, Consultant
Co-owner, Hilltop Community Farm, LLC
World Farmer Organization, Women's Committee
Dear colleagues,
On behalf of KVK CAZRI Pali, please find attached our opinion on this issue.
Regards
Dr D Singh
PC KVK Pali
Dear colleagues,
On behalf of National Farmers Organization (NAFAS), please find attached our opinion on this issue.
Siti Aishatul Radziah (ms)
National Farmers Organization (NAFAS)
MALAYSIA
This activity is now closed. Please contact [email protected] for any further information.