This study reviews the agricultural policy environment and provides quantitative indicators for policy incentives and disincentives to agricultural producers for key commodity value chains in the eight study countries in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), utilizing the methodology aligned with the approach of the International Organizations Consortium for Measuring the Policy Environment for Agriculture (Ag-Incentives Consortium). This...

This brochure presents two e-learning courses offered by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The Trade, Food Security and Nutrition (TFSN) course addresses the linkages between trade and food security, and seeks to strengthen capacities to develop and implement evidence-based trade policies taking into consideration the need for economic growth and structural transformation, as well as food security and nutrition concerns. The Agriculture in International Trade...

FAO and WTO issued a report on fertilisers for the G20 Leaders to avoid a global food availability crisis.

FAO’s latest forecasts point to somewhat easing of market conditions for basic foodstuffs. However, increased climate variability, conflicts and geopolitical tensions, bleak economic prospects, soaring agricultural input costs and export restrictions continue to pose challenges to global food commodity market stability. Issued twice a year, the November issue of the Food Outlook offers market summaries of FAO’s reviews of market supply and demand trends for the world’s major foodstuffs, namely cereals,...

International prices of all major cereals increased in October. Uncertainty regarding the Black Sea Grain Initiative and production concerns in some major exporting countries were the main drivers behind the month-on-month increases for both wheat and maize world prices. International rice prices also rose in October, although subdued import demand tended to limit the increases. According to FAO’s most recent analysis, domestic staple food prices in October remained at higher...

This review is devoted to the analysis of the agricultural trade policy of the Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia countries. The purpose of the review is to monitor the latest developments in the trade policies of these countries that have an impact on the dynamics and structure of trade. The overview chapter summarizes the main agricultural trade trends in the twelve countries of the region from 2019–2020. The...

The paper provides a review of the literature on the distribution of natural capital endowments across countries and its impact on determining trade flows. It illustrates the role trade plays in alleviating environmental pressures and the potential negative effects of trade on the environment. Finally, it discusses a range of relevant policy measures that can be adopted to reduce environmental spillovers