ECUADOR

Product

Resources

Economic Value

NWFP

Impor-tance

Trade name

Key species

Part used

Production system

Source

Uses

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

Plants and plant products

Fiber

2

Cabuya

Agave americana

l

P

C

N

production of 3 571 t of fiber in 1989 on area of 3 207 ha

(FAO 1995b)

average yields 1 114 kg/ha; exports in period 1980-85 averaged 220 t of fiber and fiber products

(FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

1

Toquilla

Carludovica palmata

l

F

W

N,I

exports of hats in 1992 were valued at US$4 647 000

(FAO 1995b)

about 2 020 hat making shops exist (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Latex

2

Natural rubber

Hevea brasiliensis

F?

W?

N

production of 2 000 t of natural rubber in 1997 (FAO 1998)

FAO 1998

Gums

2

Chicle

F

W

N

production of 1,1 t of chicle in 1990 valued at US$2 300 (Broekhoven 1996)

Broekhoven 1996

Edible seeds /

nuts

1

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

n

P,O

C

N

production of 42 000 t of coconuts in 1997; production of 7,000 t of copra in 1997

(FAO 1998)

no data on area

FAO 1998

1

Palm kernel

Elaeis guineensis

n

P

C

N

production of 31 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

Edible oils

1

Palm oil

Elaeis guineensis

f

P

C

N

production of 188 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

Vegetable ivory

1

Tagua

Phytelephas spp.

se

F

W

I,N

export of 327,3 t of tagua nuts, valued at US$2 408 400 in 1992 (FAO 1995b)

used to make artisenal objects and buttons

FAO 1995b

Mushrooms

2

Hongos silvestris

Boletus sp.

p

F

W

N

production of 10 t in 1993, for domestic consumption

(FAO 1995b)

mushrooms grow in plantations of Pinus spp.

(FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Palm hearts

1

Palmito

Euterpesp.

st

F

W

I,N

exports of 603,4 t recorded in 1990, valued at US$932 800 (Broekhoven 1996)

Broekhoven 1996

Cocoa beans

1

Theobroma cacao

se

P

C

N,I

production of 94 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area of 350 000 ha (FAO 1998)

yield of 268 kg/ha in 1997 (FAO 1998)

FAO 1998

Animal and animal products

Honey

2

F?

W?

N

production of 1 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

bee species not reported; 19 tree species identified as honey sources

(FAO 1995)

FAO 1995;

FAO 1998

Living ornamental fish

2

species not identified

W

I

export of 29,4 t of living ornamental fish in 1990 (Broekhoven 1996)

Broekhoven 1996

COLOMBIA

Products

Resources

Economic Value

NWFP

Impor-tance

Trade name

Key species

Part used

Production system

Source

Uses

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

Plants and plant products

Fiber

2

chiqui-chique palm fiber

Leopoldinia piassaba

l

F

W

N

production of 509 t in 1990 (Broekhoven 1996)

production from Llanos Orientalis department

Broekhoven 1996

Latex

2

natural rubber

Hevea brasiliensis

F

W

N

production of 477 t in 1990 (Broekhoven 1996)

production from Amazonas, Putumayo, Vaupes and Guaviare departments

Broekhoven 1996

Gums

2

species not given

F

W

I,N

export of gums valued at

US$78 700 in 1985

(Broekhoven 1996)

no data on quantity the exports represented

Broekhoven 1996

Edible seeds /

nuts

1

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

n

P,O

C

N

production of 75 000 t of coconuts in 1997 (FAO 1998)

no data on area

FAO 1998

1

Palm kernels

Elaeis guineensis

n

P

C

N

production of 79 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998)

area of 50 300 ha under oil palm in 1983 (Moll 1987)

FAO 1998;

Moll 1987

Edible oils

1

Palm oil

Elaeis guineensis

f

P

C

N,I

production of 438 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998)

area of 50 300 ha under oil palm in 1983 (Moll 1987)

FAO 1998;

Moll 1987

Palm hearts

2

naidí

Euterpe oleracea

st

F

W

I,N

production of about 1 105 t of palm hearts in 1991 (Broekhoven 1996)

in 1991 the industry generated direct or indirect employment for about 1 000 workers

(Broekhoven 1996)

Broekhoven 1996

Coffee

1

Coffea arabica

se

P

C

I,N

production of 646 000 t of green coffee in 1997 from area of 1 041 000 ha (FAO 1998)

yield of 620 kg/ha in 1997 (FAO 1998); coffee is traditionally shade grown

FAO 1998

Cocoa beans

1

Theobroma cacao

se

P

C

N

production of 47 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area of

102 000 ha (FAO 1998)

yield of 465 kg/ha in 1997 (FAO 1998)

FAO 1998

Animal and animal products

Honey

2

F?

W?

N

production of 3 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

bee species not reported

FAO 1998

VENEZUELA

Product

Resource

Economic Value

NWFP

Impor-tance

Trade name

Key species

Part used

Production system

Source

Uses

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

Plants and plant products

Bamboo

2

Guasdua

Bambusa latifolia

st

F

W

N

production of 564 940 units in 1992 (Petit 1996)

FAO 1995b;

Petit 1996

Fiber

2

Chiquichiqui

Leopoldinia piassaba

l

F

W

N,I

production of 128 000 kg of fiber in 1992 (Petit 1996)

leaf base fiber

FAO 1995b;

Petit 1996

2

Bejuco; reeds

various

st

O

W

N

production of 3 961 000 kg of reeds in 1992 (Petit 1996)

artisenal use

FAO 1995b;

Petit 1996

2

Bejuco mimure

?

st

O

W

N

production of 508 600 kg in 1992 (Petit 1996)

construction use

FAO 1995b;

Petit 1996

Resins

1

Crude resin

Pinus caribaea

P

C

N

production estimated at 7 000 t of crude resin in mid 1990s (Coppen & Hone 1995)

Coppen & Hone 1995

Edible seeds /

nuts

1

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

n

P,O

C

N

production of 131 000 t of coconuts in 1997; production of 15 000 t of copra in 1997

(FAO 1998)

no data on area

FAO 1998

1

Palm kernel

Elaeis guineensis

n

P

C

N

production of 13 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

Edible oils

1

Palm oil

Elaeis guineensis

f

P

C

N

production of 51 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

Palm hearts

1

Manaca

Euterpe oleracea

st

N

W

I

production of 1 900 000 palm hearts in 1992 (Petit 1996)

FAO 1995b;

Petit 1996

Cocoa beans

1

Theobroma cacao

se

P

C

N

production of 19 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area of 67,000 ha (FAO 1998)

yield of 277 kg/ha in 1997 (FAO 1998)

FAO 1998

Animal and animal products

Honey

2

F?

W?

N

production of 1 000 t of honey in 1997 (FAO 1998)

bee species not reported

FAO 1998

PERU

Product

Resource

Economiuc value

NWFP

Impor-tance

Trade name

Key species

Part used

Production system

Source

Uses

Quantity, value

Remarks

References

Plants and plant products

Ornamentals

2

Orchids

not indicated

p

F

W

N

production of 285 kg in 1991, total exported, value US$6 014

(FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Fodder

2

Algarrobo

Prosopis spp.

se

F

W

N

estimated production (early 1990s) of 2 067 750 t of fruit of Prosopis pallida, about 60% consumed in situ by livestock, 20% commercialized by small agroindustry to fatten livestock (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Fiber

2

Cabuya

Fourcroya americana

l

O

C

N

production of 1 680 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

2

Carrizo

Arundo donax

st

O

W

N

production of 4 865 093 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

construction and artisenal use

FAO 1995b

2

Caña brava

Ginerium sagittatum

st

O

W

N

production of 2 108 200 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

fence construction

FAO 1995b

2

Caña guada

Guada angustifolia

st

O

W

N

production of 104 011 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

construction use

FAO 1995b

2

Carricillo

Penisetum sp.

st

O

W

N

production of 11 800 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

artisanal use

FAO 1995b

2

Junco

Juncus sp.

st

O

W

N

production of 80 175 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

artisanal use

FAO 1995b

2

Totora

Thypha angustifolia

st

O

W

N

production of 2 748 t in 1991

(FAO 1995b)

artisanal use

FAO 1995b

1

Toquilla

Carludovica palmata

l

F

W

N

production of 20 000 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

hat making fiber

FAO 1995b

2

Piasaba

?

l

F

W

N

production of 654 871 kg of fiber in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

apparently palm leaf fiber but palm species unclear

FAO 1995b

Latex

2

Jebe

Hevea brasiliensis

F

W

N

production of 62 784 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Medicinal plants

2

Ratania

Krameria tiandra

r

F

W

N

production of 20,5 t in 1991

(FAO 1995b)

production of all types of medicinal plants (except barbasco, curare and ratania) was 73 185 kg in 1991; exports of 2 413 kg valued at US$1 799 000 in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

2

Barbasco

Lonchocarpus nicou

F

W

I

production of 70 729 kg in 1991, total exported, value US$112 449 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

2

Curare

Chondodrendon tomentosum

F

W

N

production of 62 784 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

export data not give

FAO 1995b

2

Aguaje

Mauritia flexuosa

f

F

W

N

production of 11 020 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

gross understatement of production; palm is one of the most common of Amazon Region

FAO 1995b

2

Umarí

Poraqueiba sericea

f

F

W

N

production of 1 000 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

2

Pijuayo

Bactris gasipaes

f

O

C

N

production of 5,790 kg in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

understated; palm is commonly grown

FAO 1995b

Edible seeds /

nuts

1

Coconut

Cocos nucifera

n

P,O

C

N

production of 14 000 t of coconuts in 1997 (FAO 1998)

no data on area

FAO 1998

1

Palm kernel

Elaeis guineensis

n

P

C

N

production of 5 000 t of palm kernels in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

1

Brazil nut

Bertholletia excelsa

production of 2 500 t in 1991 (Wickens 1995); export of 1 104 t (in shell) valued at

US$3 117 893 in 1991

(FAO 1995b)

main markets USA, UK (Iqbal 1995)

Iqbal 1995;

Wickens 1995

Edible oils

1

Palm oil

Elaeis guineensis

f

P

C

N

production of 35 000 t of palm oil in 1997 (FAO 1998)

assumed African oil palm

FAO 1998

Colorants,

dyestuffs

1

Annatto

Bixa orellana

se

O

W,C

I,N

estimated exports 4 000 t per year in mid 1990s (Green 1995)

Peru is major world source (Green 1995); main markets are USA, EC, Japan

(Iqbal 1995)

Green 1995;

Iqbal 1995

Palm hearts

1

Palmito de huasaí

Euterpe precatoria

st

F

W

I

production of 677 120 kg of canned palm hearts in 1991, total amount exported, valued at US$1 611 060 (FAO 1995b)

solitary palm; economic sustainability unlikely

FAO 1995b

Cocoa beans

1

Theobroma cacao

se

P

C

N

production of 19 000 t of cocoa beans in 1997 from area of

32 000 ha (FAO 1998)

yield of 583 kg/ha in 1997 (FAO 1998)

FAO 1998

Animal and animal products

Live animals

2

Birds

Perico (Brotogeris pyrthopterus), Perico esmeralda (Forpus coelestis), Loro cabeja roja (Aratinga erythrogenys), Loro frente roja (Aratinga wagleri), Jilgero comun (Carduelis magelianica), Picaflor (Myrtis fanny)

F

W

N,I

production of 50 000 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

assumed cage birds

FAO 1995b

Animal skins

2

Reptiles

Pacazos (Iguana iguana), Capones (Tropidurus occipitalis)

F

W

N,I

production of 15 563 units in 1991 (FAO 1995b)

exports of all types of reptile skins was 29 000 units in 1991, valued at US$26 750 (FAO 1995b)

FAO 1995b

Bushmeat, insects etc.

2

Cochineal insect

Dactylopius cocus

O

C

I

production of 500 t of cochineal in 1993 (Green 1995); export of 77 t of carmine valued at

US$6 700 000 in 1993

(FAO 1995b)

yield of 120 - 240 kg of dry cochineal per ha per year (FAO 1995b); Peru source 90% of world supply (Green 1995); main markets EC, USA

(Iqbal 1995)

FAO 1995b;

Green 1995;

Iqbal 1995