European forestry commission
Fifth FAO conference on wood technology
World consultation on forest genetics and tree improvement
FAO technical assistance reports on forestry and forest products
Main items on the agenda of the twelfth session of the European Forestry Commission, held at Geneva from 30 September to 5 October 1963, were, first, consideration of the conclusions of the draft of the FAO/ECE study European timber trends and prospects: a new appraisal, 1950-75 (summarized in Unasylva, Volume 17 [3], Number 70), and, secondly, a review of national forest policies in Europe in the light of the Commission's views on these conclusions.
In order to broaden the discussion on these subjects, a separate meeting to consider them was called during the session of the commission to which were invited, in addition to the commission members, countries of Europe which are members of the United Nations but not of FAO - that is the U.S.S.R. and some countries of eastern Europe. In the event 24 European countries attended this meeting 1 while the U.S.S.R. was represented at the subsequent session of the ECE Timber Committee which also had the draft study under consideration.
1Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia. Representatives were also present of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), International Labour Organisation (ILO), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Community (EEC - Common Market), and the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO).
The commission session, under the chairmanship of W. PLYM FORSHELL (Sweden), was opened by P. LAMARTINE YATES, FAO Regional Representative for Europe, and was attended by the Director and Deputy Director of FAO's Forestry and Forest Products Division, and by R. G. FONTAINE, Chief of the Forest Policy Branch. L. GIMENEZ-QUINTANA served as secretary. EGON GLESINGER Assistant Director-General of FAO's Department of Public Relations and Legal Affairs, also attended the ad hoc meeting.
Besides the main items already mentioned, a considerable number of other important topics were dealt with by the commission, including the activities of its various subsidiary bodies, and these are fully covered in the commission's report. For the coming biennium the commission elected OTTO ECKMÜLLER of Austria as chairman, and as vice-chairmen H. FRØLUND (Denmark), A. STOFFELS (Netherlands), and D. KLEPAC (Yugoslavia). An invitation was received for a study tour to be held in Austria on the occasion of the commission's thirteenth session in 1965.
European timber trends and prospects
The broad findings of the commission in regard to the new study of European timber trends and prospects have been interpreted in a preface which will appear in the printed final version of the study now in course of preparation: extracts appear below.
This study, like its predecessor, has been undertaken by the secretariats of the Economic Commission for Europe and of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in response to a request of European governments originally formulated in the Timber Committee of ECE and the European Forestry Commission of FAO. The request for this reappraisal of timber trends and prospects in Europe in itself constituted a recognition that the earlier study had proved helpful to those concerned with the European forest and timber economy, enabling them to carefully evaluate, and where necessary revise, their plans and policies. In an appendix to this present study, the earlier study is reexamined in the light of the actual course of events over the decade 1950-60. There it is noted that the main trends were correctly delineated, although the study failed to foresee how far these trends would go in the decade, and hence the extent to which consumption patterns would change. This was because the authors underestimated the rate at which the European economy would grow in the 1950 s.
The present study attempts to determine what the next chapter in the evolution of the European forest and timber economy may hold in store. It might be thought that this time the task of the authors would be easier. The statistical framework on which a study such as this must rest is undoubtedly much better than that which was available to the authors of the earlier study, even though it is still far from satisfactory. And there is a decade of additional experience to draw on, a decade during which the Timber Committee of ECE has carefully followed and documented developments in the European timber market, while the European Forestry Commission has reviewed the problems of European forestry at regular intervals.
Yet the attentive reader who is familiar with the earlier study will not fail to observe that in looking forward to 1975 the authors of the present study have been considerably less bold, less precise, less dogmatic, than were their predecessors when they sought to look forward to 1960. He may wonder why this is so. Is it because a longer time-span is involved? Is it because the present authors are less courageous, or perhaps merely less naive, than their predecessors?
No. The real explanation is more fundamental than any of these. It lies in the fact that the area of choice open to those responsible for the future of Europe's forest and timber economy is very much greater than it was a decade ago. And those who have the responsibility for taking the final decisions, which will be far reaching in their effects, will have to take into account a number of considerations, both economic and political, which scarcely entered into the picture a decade ago. The nature of these considerations will become clearer if we recall what has happened over the last decade and what the main *ends are likely to be in the next.
Between 1950 and 1960 Europe's consumption of forest products rose much more rapidly than the most sanguine prophets had foreseen. Over the same period there was a rise in the output of industrial wood from Europe's forests unparalleled in any previous decade. It will be remembered that in the late 1940s and early 1950s there were not lacking voices to aver that wood was a declining commodity in Europe, and forestry a declining sector. History has proved those Cassandras hopelessly wrong.
Yet this unprecedented expansion in forest output was not sufficient to keep pace with Europe's rising wood needs. Whereas in 1950 Europe was roughly in balance on its forest products account, in 1960 imports exceeded exports by about 20 million cubic meters, measured roundwood equivalent. Europe has become a significant net importer of wood, and in the course of the decade a new and different mesh of trade links with other regions of the world has been forged in this sector.
This present study shows that Europe's wood needs will continue to rise, though at a pace somewhat slower than in the recent past. Europe's forests, today more accurately known and more dynamically managed than ever, will continue to provide a rising flow of industrial wood to meet the needs of the region's present and future forest industries. Nevertheless, the gap is growing, and by 1975 it could reach anywhere between 40 and 70 million cubic meters, depending upon the rate at which the European economy expands.
How will this gap be bridged? This is the central question arising from the present study. And the answer, if it is to be a satisfactory one, must take into account the fact that history does not end in 1975, that there is every indication that the gap will continue to grow in the closing decades of this century.
Is it physically possible for Europe's forests to be so transformed and, where necessary, extended so as to furnish the volumes of industrial wood which the region will require by the end of the century? The answer the study gives to this question is an unequivocal affirmative. In terms of sheer volume the required amounts could be provided, though for several special categories and qualities Europe would of course have to continue to look beyond its boundaries. In the coming years the technical revolution in European agriculture will make further substantial areas of land available for treegrowing. At the same time there are opportunities for greatly extending foresters' new techniques for growing industrial wood on short rotations. Moreover, the study points out that much of the improvement over the last decade has come about as the result of more rational utilization. There is still considerable scope in Europe for reducing forest and transport losses, better use of residues, and the further transfer of fuelwood to industrial use.
Is it economically feasible for Europe's forests to provide these additional quantities of industrial wood? The present study fails to answer this question. It points out that at least part of the supplementary supplies already envisaged under present plans and policies can be evoked only at rising unit cost. It draws attention to the growing scarcity of forest labor over most of Europe. On the other hand, it points to the opportunities that still exist for cost reduction through the rationalization and mechanization of forest work. Above all, it highlights the dearth of systematic cost studies in Europe's forests and forest industries to date. In fact, the data for sound judgment are sadly lacking.
A reasoned answer to this question is all the more difficult since it is known that there are many countries in other regions, including some of the developing countries, which are capable of producing the forest products that Europe will need. Some of these countries are much more favored by land availability, soil and climate for the economic growing of timber than is Europe. Several already have thriving forest industries; others undoubtedly possess the potential for establishing them. And it is this which leads directly to the third question. Is it politically desirable for Europe to aim at containing her dependence on overseas supplies of forest products?
It may come as a surprise to some readers that decisions regarding the development of the European forest and forest products economy involve choices that are fundamentally political. That this is so, however, may be clearly seen if we relate the findings of this study to a wider context.
There can be no one today who is not familiar with the problem of the widening gap between nations: the difficulty of the low-income, developing countries in attaining a rate of economic growth comparable with that of the advanced, industrialized countries. Member Governments of the United Nations have acclaimed the initiative of the Secretary-General in declaring this present decade the United Nations Development Decade, accepting the aim for developing countries of achieving an annual rate of self-sustained economic growth of 5 percent by 1970. European governments, along with others, have unanimously pledged their support and assistance in reaching these targets.
Today it is widely recognized that the efforts of the developing countries to accelerate their economic growth will be grievously hampered, even frustrated, unless and until they are able to diversify their production and exports, and to find export markets for a widening range of manufactured goods. The advanced, industrialized nations have a responsibility, even a moral obligation, to provide such markets. This indeed will be one of the principal themes to be discussed at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development which takes place this year.
Against this background it is legitimate to pose the question: should not Europe, in considering how best to cover its rising timber needs, look to some of the less developed countries for at least a share of its growing requirements, a share that may well increase in the later decades of this century?
This is perhaps the most important question arising from the study that European governments will be called upon to answer. Should the answer be in the affirmative, as would seem reasonable and logical, then two important considerations must be borne in mind.
First, an affirmative answer by no means implies that a determined effort to improve and expand European forestry and to raise the region's own output of industrial wood can be renounced. There is little prospect that the whole of the additional supplies which Europe will require can be forthcoming from other regions by 1975. A sustained and determined effort to increase wood supplies in Europe will also be required.
Secondly, a steadily rising flow of processed wood products from the developing countries to Europe will not come about automatically. It will require assistance, in the form of machinery and equipment, technical know-how, managerial skills, finance and credit. Many European countries are able to render such assistance, whether in the form of development aid or of joint undertakings.
National forest policies
The need to make full use of existing forest resources to meet future timber requirements was stressed by the commission. There seems to be ample scope for a further increase in the production of European forests before the ceiling is reached. This increase in production will, however, require intensive forest management, with all the silvicultural and other measures involved in order to improve the quality of forest products. It will involve the development, and in some cases the revision, of existing management plans and possibly their simplification to reduce costs; the adoption of a more flexible concept of the optimum growing stock; and the rationalization of logging and transport operations, especially by improving accessibility and by mechanization.
It is obvious that forest management plans at the level of the working unit do not allow for the desirable adjustment of production to the demands of the consumer industries, and forest management plans on a regional basis (which are already in use in some countries and being considered in others) were advocated. The definition of the "regions" to be covered by these regional management schemes may pose problems, but the plans could be drawn up with the object of serving the needs of integrated industries in the region. Such integrated units make it possible to increase the final yield from the raw material and to improve the quality of the products manufactured from a given raw material.
Forest land-tenure systems are no obstacle to the establishment of these large forest units. One example was reported where working plans for private forests were to be drawn up within the regional framework. Further research is, however, necessary to examine how the plans for small woodlands can be worked into the overall national plan.
Mention was also made of forms of go-operation which allow the application of intensive silviculture to small woodlands. The granting of technical and financial aid for the development of these small woodlands was suggested for those oases where the owners could not be held responsible for the low productivity of their forests.
As a consequence of the increasing rural exodus in European countries, marginal lands are being abandoned to an increasing extent. This opens up new possibilities for afforestation, although such afforestation measures must be integrated into an overall plan aimed at ensuring more rational land use. On the other hand, in view of the need to ensure reasonable returns for the producers while keeping the price of timber at a competitive level, afforestation and planting activities must preferably be concentrated on better quality land and must not be unduly scattered.
It was feared that extensive land-use patterns such as free range grazing might replace intensive cropping; on the one hand this would affect soil and water conservation and, on the other, would make future corrective measures more difficult. Immediate action was therefore necessary. It was stressed that even though forestry itself might not provide the employment hoped for, it might create other opportunities for employment, particularly in tourism.
Finally, stress was laid on the importance of specialized tree farming, such as poplar plantations, to insure future timber supplies. Such plantations, which in some countries are already common, can easily be integrated with farming units and can help promote full employment of the manpower and capital involved. In view of the high cost of the necessary investments, highly productive plantations can only be established on soils having all the qualities required for intensive cultivation.
The commission recommended that each European country should undertake a searching review of its forest policy, including the forest management systems currently in use and current forest production goals. The results of these reappraisals should be sent to FAO for collation and analysis, and for examination by the next session of the commission.
Two international conferences of forest products specialists were held at the United States Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, from 11 to 27 September 1963.
A three-day meeting of the expanded Section 41 (Forest products) of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO) was followed by the two-week Fifth FAO Conference on Wood Technology, with participants from 32 countries.
EDWARD G. LOCKE director of the United States Forest Products Laboratory, was elected chairman of the conference, for which J. M. YAVORSKY served as FAO secretary. (Dr. Locke had also served as chairman of the IUFRO meeting, as leader of section 41.) Vice chairmen of the conference were JEAN COLLARDET, director of the French Technical Center for Wood at Paris, and EUGENIO DE LA CRUZ, recently retired director of the Philippine Forest Products Research Institute. L. J. MARKWARDT, retired assistant director of the host laboratory at Madison and long active in FAO forest products work, was elected honorary chairman of the conference.
Eight working parties, which had been established by the fourth conference held in Madrid in 1958, met to review the progress made in relation to research on fire test methods; wood preservation; structural grading; the mechanical properties of timber, veneer and plywood, fibreboard and particle board; sawing and machining; and the physical problems of timber. The following are the main recommendations that emerged from the discussions of the various working parties:
1. New types of fire tests, using room-size structures, should be developed in order to get adequate data on various effects of burning and smoke and gas production.2. Test methods should be devised for determining the strength and other engineering properties of wood poles as used in pole-frame buildings.
3. A program should be initiated to collect worldwide data on seasoning, moisture content conditions, and instrumentation needed for the drying of lumber and other materials of wood origin.
4. Encouragement should be given to the development of machines for automatic grading of lumber at the sawmill, based on nondestructive methods of testing.
5. Both exporting and importing countries should be urged to set up much stricter quarantine regulations against wood infested with insects, to prevent spread of species to countries now free of them.
6. Action should be taken to break down prejudice against wood as a structural material, from the standpoint of its fire safety.
The proposal for new types of fire tests came from FRANZ F. KOLLMANN of the Federal Republic of Germany. Professor Kollmann had pointed out that turbulence created by heat and gases produced in a room size fire does not develop in conventional small-scale tests designed to measure flame spread, ignition time, temperature rise, and other characteristics of burning. "Dimensionless parameters" for evaluating turbulence effects and other full-scale fire conditions will have to be developed. Dr. Collardet, France, considered that, in general, currently approved testing methods are "prejudicial to wood" and its use in building construction. Certain treatments and construction methods have proved highly effective in providing fire safety. It was proposed, therefore, that the list of recommended fire test methods published in the report of the Third FAO Conference on Wood Technology, held in Paris in 1954, should be revised. FAO recommendations of this type are widely followed by member countries.
The increasing use of wood poles for framing farm buildings, warehouses, and other large structures demands new methods for testing poles for the kinds of loads imposed on them; these stresses differ from those imposed on utility poles.
The conference considered that "machine grading of structural lumber is quite promising" after learning about two machines under development in the United States and one being developed in the United Kingdom.
Rapid expansion in both volume and variety of uses for fibreboard and particle board highlighted conference discussion of these materials. Four standard test methods were adopted for evaluating the properties of structural fibreboards and particle boards.
Recommendations in regard to sawing and machining included one that a standard technological terminology be worked out in English, German, French and Spanish.
The call for more rigorous quarantine regulations for lumber came from H. E. DADSWELL of Australia who said that inspection and eradication in his country was very costly, and that insects can be hidden in anything from raw lumber to shipping crates, furniture, prefabricated houses, and musical instruments.
The task of simplifying plywood strength-testing procedures was undertaken by the working party on plywood properties, headed by F. H. ARMSTRONG (United Kingdom). Two hardness tests were selected for inclusion in FAO-recommended testing procedures for plywood and other composite materials to replace a single test on the present list. A method for evaluating rolling shear strength of plywood is needed and research will be undertaken with a view to developing an acceptable test. It was also decided to encourage studies of the problems of testing plywood sheets in large sizes.
During private discussions and in the open technical meetings of the conference, much attention was given to the form of future international collaboration in wood technology research and development. The Conference welcomed the strengthening of IUFRO Section 41 (Forest products) and suggested that certain sectors of work formerly carried out by some FAO working parties should now go over to IUFRO; other sectors might be handled by organizing joint FAO/IUFRO meetings on specific technical problems.
The conference's views were subsequently remitted to the full Conference of FAO, the conclusions of which are recorded earlier in this issue. Exact procedures and arrangements await final determination, and special consideration will have to be given to FAO's expanding interest in housing and construction. In the meantime a standing committee which the Fifth Conference on Wood Technology decided to establish, with H. E. DADSWELL (Australia) named as chairman and ALAN D. FREAS (United States) as vice-chairman, will continue with the collaboration of the FAO secretariat to exercise surveillance and coordination of the various fields of research activity that have been sponsored by FAO over the past 15 years.
A recommendation of the Fifth World Forestry Congress led to a World Consultation on Forest Genetics and Tree Improvement at Stockholm from 23 to 30 August 1963. Some 180 specialists representing 38 countries from all over the world attended the meeting which was organized at the kind invitation of the Government of Sweden and with the support of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (IUFRO).
The purpose of this consultation, for which the FAO secretariat comprised A. MÉTRO, O. FUGALLI and G. SIRÉN, was to promote and endeavor to co-ordinate the development of tree-improvement techniques, the mass production of improved germ material, and the economic adaptation of new breeding techniques and improved materials to large-scale regeneration and afforestation programs.
The technical meetings were preceded by three-day study tours in southern, central and northern Sweden. The consultation proper was opened by W. PLYM FORSHELL chairman of the Swedish Organizing Committee; ERIK LUNDH of Sweden was elected chairman with J. DE AMARAL GURGEL (Brazil) vice-chairman. The Minister of Agriculture of Sweden, ERIC HOLMQUIST, welcomed the participants and N. A. OSARA, Director of FAO's Forestry and Forest Products Division, described the potential value to the work of FAO of finding practical application in forestry operations for all the research now going on in the whole field of genetics and tree improvement. "Most of the remarkable improvements in farming have resulted from the scientific breeding and tending of animals and plants: the same spectacular changes can be brought about in forestry."
The discussions had been planned around the contents of draft chapters, intended eventually to constitute together the complete report of the consultation in one publication. Each chapter, prepared by a rapporteur designated prior to the meeting as a world authority in his field, was subjected to intensive study and discussion by sections set up for this purpose, and individual participants were given the opportunity of presenting their own papers of which 110 were submitted in addition to the secretariat papers.
The sections and their officers were as follows:
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I. FOREST GENETICS AND CYTOLOGY | ||
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Chairman: |
K. Sax |
United States |
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Rapporteur: |
Å. Gustafsson |
Sweden |
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Secretary: |
F. Mergen |
United States |
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II. TREE BREEDING METHODS | ||
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A. Population genetics, heritability, ability and progeny testing | ||
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Chairman: |
A. de Philippis |
Italy |
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Rapporteur: |
K. Stern |
Germany |
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Secretary: |
L. Strand |
Biometrics Society |
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B. Hybridization | ||
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Chairman: |
C.C. Heimburger |
Canada |
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Rapporteur: |
J. Wright |
United States |
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Secretary: |
E. W. Jones |
United Kingdom |
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III. PROVENANCE RESEARCH | ||
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Chairman: |
P. Bouvarel |
France |
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Rapporteur: |
R. Z. Callaham |
United States |
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Secretary: |
J. F. Lacaze |
France |
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IV. GENETICS AND IMPROVEMENT OF EXOTIC TREES | ||
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Chairman: |
J. M. Fielding |
Australia |
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Rapporteur: |
R. Morandini |
Italy |
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Secretary: |
R. Faulkner |
United Kingdom |
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V. TREE PHYSIOLOGY IN RELATION TO GENETICS AND BREEDING | ||
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Chairman: |
H. A. Fowells |
United States |
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Rapporteur: |
P. F. Wareing |
United Kingdom |
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Secretary: |
T. Ingestad |
Sweden |
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VI. BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE | ||
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A. Diseases | ||
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Chairman: |
E. J. Schreiner |
United States |
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Rapporteur: |
E. Björkman |
Sweden |
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Secretary: |
R. T. Bingham |
United States |
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B. Insect attacks | ||
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Chairman: |
E. J. Schreiner |
United States |
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Rapporteur: |
B. Søegaard |
Denmark |
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Secretary: |
H. D. Gerhold |
United States |
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VII. BREEDING FOR WOOD PROPERTIES | ||
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Chairman: |
E.W.J. Phillips |
United Kingdom |
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Rapporteur: |
B.J. Zobel |
United States |
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Secretary: |
P. R. Larson |
United States |
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VIII. SEED PRODUCTION AND SEED CERTIFICATION | ||
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Chairman: |
H. B. Kriebel |
United States |
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Rapporteur: |
J. D. Matthews |
United Kingdom |
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Secretary: |
H. Barner |
Denmark |
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IX. GENETICS IN FOREST | ||
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Chairman: |
C. Syrach Larsen |
Denmark |
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Rapporteur: |
W. Plym Forshell |
Sweden |
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Secretary: |
T. Arnborg |
Sweden |
The summing up at the final plenary meeting was made by the rapporteur-general, J. D. MATTHEWS (United Kingdom), leader of IUFRO, section 22.
The members of the consultation expressed the view that another such meeting should be organized before the end of the decade, and a tentative invitation was issued for the host country to be the United States of America.
Addenda to the list published in Unasylva, Volume 15, Number 4, 1961
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Africa | ||
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Ref. No |
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|
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Bechuanaland | ||
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- |
FAO/IUCN special project.1 Interim report on Bechuanaland - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Chad | ||
|
- |
Projet spécial africain FAO/UICN. Rapport préliminaire sur le Tchad - 1962 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Congo (Leopoldville) | ||
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1468 |
La réorganisation du service forestier et la formation des cadres - 1962 |
A. Ricciardi |
|
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Dahomey |
|
|
- |
Projet spécial africain FAO/UICN. Rapport préliminaire sur le Dahomey - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Ethiopia | ||
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Ethiopia - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Kenya | ||
|
1503 |
Present wood consumption and future requirements in Kenya - 1962 |
J. E. M. Arnold |
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Kenya - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
|
Mali | ||
|
- |
Projet spécial africain FAO/UICN. Rapport préliminaire des consultants sur le Mali - 1962 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Nigeria | ||
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Nigeria - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Northern Rhodesia | ||
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Northern Rhodesia - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Senegal | ||
|
- |
Projet spécial africain FAO/UICN. Rapport préliminaire des consultants sur le Senegal - 1962 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Somalia | ||
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim, report on Somalia - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Tanganyika | ||
|
1536 |
Present wood consumption and future requirements in Tanganyika - 1962 |
M. F. E. de Backer, |
|
1697 |
Forest diseases - 1963 |
Lake S. Gill |
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Tanganyika - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Tunisia | ||
|
1659 |
Les aménagements forestiers - 1963 |
P. Cochet |
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Uganda | ||
|
- |
FAO/IUCN African special project. Interim report on Uganda - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
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Upper Volta | ||
|
- |
Projet spécial africain FAO/UICN. Rapport préliminaire sur la Haute-Volta - 1963 |
T. Riney and P. Hill |
1 Wildlife management and conservation.
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Asia and Pacific | ||
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Ref. No |
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|
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Burma | ||
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- |
Wood anatomy and biology - 1962. Second summary report |
P. J. H. Gottwald |
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Cambodia | ||
|
1500 |
Inventaire forestier de l'est Mekong - 1962 |
B. Rollet |
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India | ||
|
1592 |
Termite investigations - 1962 |
G. Becker |
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Indonesia | ||
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1661 |
Hardwood marketing - 1963 |
C. G. Merton |
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Philippines | ||
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1555 |
Timber engineering: research, training and practice - 1962 L. W. Crandall |
|
|
1557 |
Pulp and paper research 1962 |
E. R. Schafer |
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Thailand | ||
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1540 |
A working plan for the Mae Ngao forest - 1962 |
Sir Harry Champion |
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1692 |
Forest inventory of the north-eastern region - 1963 |
E. J. G. Gärtner and G. K. Beuschel |
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Regional project | ||
|
1510 |
Far East training center on forest inventory 1960-1962 |
F. Loetsch |
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Europe | ||
|
Ref. No |
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|
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Malta | ||
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1724 |
Progress of afforestation of waste lands on the Maltese islands - 1963 |
H. G. Keith |
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Turkey | ||
|
1451 |
Forestry development - 1962 |
H. Etter |
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1660 |
Sawmilling in northern Turkey - 1963 |
F. F. P. Kollmann |
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Near East | ||
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Ref. No |
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|
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United Arab Republic | ||
|
1738 |
Prospects for the development of timber utilization 1963 |
M. Pachelski |
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Regional project | ||
|
1596 |
Near East watershed management training center - 1962 |
R. G. Fontaine |
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Latin America | ||
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Ref. No |
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|
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Brazil | ||
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1492 |
Forestry inventory in the Amazon valley (Part VII) -1962 |
B. Glerum |
|
1483 |
Combined forestry/soil survey along road BR-14 from São Miguel to Imperatriz - 1962 |
B. Glerum and G. Smit |
|
1562 |
Pilot survey of the mahogany region of the states of Goiás and Pará - 1962 |
B. Glerum |
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British Guiana | ||
|
1737 |
Marketing of wood and wood products with particular reference to the export of timber - 1963 |
C. O. Flemmich |
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Chile | ||
|
1382 |
La industria de la madera en las Provincias de Chile y Aysen - 1962 |
V. C. Hasek |
|
1390 |
Investigaciones acerca la clasificación, medición y normalización de la madera - 1961 |
Theo Erfurth |
|
1570 |
Política, Legislación y Administración forestales - 1962 |
T. François |
|
1501 |
Creación de una Administración forestal nacional - 1962 |
H. Gripenberg |
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El Salvador | ||
|
1422 |
Situación actual y desarrollo posible de la silvicultura en El País - 1962 |
Th. F. Burgers |
|
1742 |
Situación actual y desarrollo posible de la silvicultura - 1963 |
Th. F. Burgers |
|
Mexico | ||
|
1377 |
Proyectos de explotación forestal y aserrado - 1962 |
F. Zurbrugg |
|
Peru | ||
|
1454 |
La Política forestal - 1961 |
Ph. Cochin |
