ANNEX I
ANNEX II - SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
ANNEX III - METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE REPORT
ANNEX IV - INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH IN AQUACULTURE
ANNEX V - LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1985
PRODUCTION OF THE LEADING COUNTRIES IN 1985
WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION IN 1985 (in tonnes)
|
|
Finfishes |
Crustaceans |
Molluscs |
Seaweeds |
Others |
|
Africa |
60 600 |
100 |
400 |
0 |
0 |
|
America North |
197 800 |
33 800 |
160 800 |
200 |
0 |
|
America South |
28 500 |
32 900 |
1 900 |
4 900 |
0 |
|
Asia |
3 792 600 |
198 500 |
2 120 000 |
2 767 500 |
28 200 |
|
Europe |
340 800 |
300 |
495 000 |
4 500 |
0 |
|
Oceania |
1 200 |
100 |
20 500 |
100 |
100 |
|
USSR |
296 000 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Totals |
4 717 500 |
265 700 |
2 798 600 |
2 777 200 |
28 300 |
|
Percentage (%) |
44.5 |
2.5 |
26.5 |
26.2 |
0.3 |
GRAND TOTAL 10 587 300 tonnes
Source: FAO, 1987
(Finfish, Crustaceans, Molluscs, and Seaweeds) (in tonnes)
|
China |
5 415 100 |
|
Japan |
1 183 500 |
|
Republic of Korea |
790 500 |
|
Philippines |
495 100 |
|
USA |
365 400 |
|
Indonesia |
359 700 |
|
USSR |
305 000 |
|
Taiwan (Province of China) |
250 800 |
|
France |
215 000 |
|
Viet Nam |
204 000 |
|
Thailand |
134 100 |
|
Bangladesh |
125 100 |
|
Netherlands |
118 300 |
|
Italy |
109 200 |
|
Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
99 000 |
Source: FAO, 1989
CONSUMPTION AND MARKETS
PRODUCTION
LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE
NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
NATIONAL SECTOR MANAGEMENT
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT
Table 1. CONSUMPTION AND MARKETS: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
(1) |
Promote improved fish consumption at the village level through school projects |
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
(12) |
Create an independent marketing information service |
|
(13) |
Demonstrate and apply post-harvest technologies for aquaculture products |
|
|
NEAR EAST |
(21) |
Collect and disseminate market information |
|
ASIA |
(34) |
Improve post-harvest technologies for aquaculture products |
|
PACIFIC |
- |
|
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(54) |
Promote national consumption of fish on a long-term basis |
|
(55) |
Support domestic marketing and provide services for export marketing |
Table 2. PRODUCTION: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
(2) |
Introduce appropriate technology for a range of production practices |
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
(14) |
Increase production through the management of coastal lagoons |
|
NEAR EAST |
(22) |
Increase aquaculture production through technical cooperation |
|
(23) |
Increase production in the marine environment |
|
|
ASIA |
(35) |
Identify and test new approaches for aquaculture production of low-cost fish |
|
PACIFIC |
- |
|
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(56) |
Develop culture-based fisheries to increase production |
|
(57) |
Increase production through the management of coastal lagoons |
Table 3. LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
(3) |
Upgrade existing extension services |
|
(4) |
Produce and disseminate extension materials to meet the demand for information by farmers |
|
|
(5) |
Establish self-sufficiency in seed supply |
|
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
(15) |
Establish a library service of technical training materials, particularly video cassettes |
|
(16) |
Increase the flow of credit into the sector |
|
|
NEAR EAST |
(24) |
Upgrade the quality of national extension services |
|
ASIA |
(36) |
Upgrade extension services with new approaches |
|
(37) |
Establish fish health services |
|
|
(38) |
Improve credit flow to small-scale producers |
|
|
PACIFIC |
- |
|
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(58) |
Train agriculture extension workers in aquaculture technologies |
|
(59) |
Assist small-scale farmers to secure credit |
|
|
(60) |
Produce cheaper supplementary feeds |
|
|
(61) |
Construct hatcheries and train hatchery operators |
Table 4. NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
(6) |
Conduct applied research on a range of practices with systems-orientation |
|
(7) |
Increase research capacity through organization and coordination |
|
|
(8) |
Establish a bilingual regional training centre |
|
|
(9) |
Prepare model curricula for higher level education |
|
|
(10) |
Upgrade communications at all levels |
|
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
- |
|
|
NEAR EAST |
(25) |
Establish the capacity for tertiary education |
|
(26) |
Establish a baseline of educational and technical information |
|
|
(27) |
Conduct short-term biotechnical and non-biotechnical training courses at a national level |
|
|
(28) |
Conduct short-term biotechnical and non-biotechnical training courses at a regional level |
|
|
(29) |
Produce and utilize more technical teaching aids |
|
|
(30) |
Improve applied research and disseminate research information |
|
|
(31) |
Improve credit management in the sector |
|
|
ASIA |
(39) |
Conduct short-term technical training courses |
|
(40) |
Research finfish and shellfish diseases, and genetics |
|
|
(41) |
Research finfish and shellfish nutrition, and feed technology |
|
|
(42) |
Research low-cost seed production |
|
|
(43) |
Research the management of production systems |
|
|
(44) |
Research environmental impacts of aquaculture |
|
|
(45) |
Research socio-economic aspects of development |
|
|
(46) |
Conduct research on integrated farming |
|
|
PACIFIC |
- |
|
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(62) |
Provide total support to build national infrastructure for producers |
Table 5. NATIONAL SECTOR MANAGEMENT: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
(11) |
Produce reliable sectoral data |
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
(17) |
Assist sectoral development through national planning |
|
(18) |
Develop model legislation for national development |
|
|
(19) |
Improve data collection and flow in the region |
|
|
(20) |
Manage and control fish health |
|
|
NEAR EAST |
(32) |
Promote the importance of national policies and plans for the sector |
|
(33) |
Develop model legislation for the sector |
|
|
ASIA |
(47) |
Improve national sector management |
|
(48) |
Identify appropriate legislation for the sector |
|
|
(49) |
Upgrade national production statistics |
|
|
(50) |
Improve cooperation for coastal-zone management relevant to aquaculture |
|
|
PACIFIC |
(53) |
Conduct management training for planners in investment opportunities |
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(63) |
Assist and strengthen government institutions where appropriate |
|
(64) |
Make policies for the development and management of national and private hatcheries |
Table 6. REGIONAL MANAGEMENT: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED NEEDS
|
AFRICA |
- |
|
MEDITERRANEAN |
- |
|
NEAR EAST |
- |
|
ASIA |
(51) Rationalize and standardize regional information resources |
|
(52) Establish a regional structure for technical cooperation |
|
|
PACIFIC |
- |
|
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN |
(65) Continue to assist the Latin America and Caribbean region in rational sectoral development and management |
The methodology for the preparation of the report was based on three main activities, as follows:
(1) The preparation of regional and sub-regional surveys of the aquaculture sector world-wide, using a common framework for analysis. Ten individual surveys were prepared, namely Africa, Asia East and Asia West (as divided by the Asian Development Bank), the Caribbean, Eastern and Northwestern Europe, Latin America, North America, the Mediterranean, eleven Middle East countries, and the Pacific, and circulated to participants of the meeting (see Item 3) in advance.
The common framework for analysis is attached to this Annex. The same framework was also used to structure the regional analyses at the meeting. Briefly, the framework divides the sector into six components, namely,
1. Consumption and Markets.
2. Production.
3. Local Infrastructure.
4. National Infrastructure.
5. National Sector Management.
6. Regional Management.
The surveys attempted to bring together as much information as available about the aquaculture sectors in each of the countries within their respective regions. Each survey was a separate desk study prepared by one individual familiar with aquaculture in that particular region. The study was undertaken at FAO, Rome, where there is probably the greatest repository of information. However, the studies were not exhaustive, and there are unquestionably omissions and errors. These are now being rectified and information updated. These individual surveys will be published by the ADCP in 1989.
(2) The collection of relevant reference material. Key documents which dealt with the issues of aquaculture development and constraints were assembled. A list of the background bibliography is attached to this Annex.(3) Review and synthesis of the background materials to identify needs and formulate strategies for development. A meeting was convened of individuals who were actively involved in international development and who had familiarity with a large number of countries. Some 24 participants assembled in Policoro, Southern Italy for the meeting from 26 July to 2 August 1988 (see Annex V). Although representing themselves, the participants were involved in all aspects of international development, including project identification, funding, execution, administration, management, international staff, and counterpart representation. They also represented both the public and the private sectors, including producers as well as consultants.
The participants were divided into seven working groups to produce the regional summary statements and identify needs, but individually contributed to the synthesis of information for at least three groups as regional sessions were not concurrent. Collectively, all participants developed the strategies under a panel of the working group leaders.
THE SECTORAL FRAMEWORK
Level 1. Consumption and Markets
Characteristics of consumption in the region
Annual consumption of fish and shellfish
- In region (with comparisons)
- By country (if variable or atypical)
Gross market data
- Regional/national statistics - GNP, population, growth
Specific market data
- Marketing characteristics, distribution, associations
- Popular species and prices, trends, subsidies
- Product forms
- Exports, value, trade tariffs
Information for the trade
- Consumer publications
- Market publications, market trials
Technical assistance projects in the sub-sector
Level 2. Production of Fish and Shellfish in the Region
Characteristics of production in the region
Regional production data
- Gross production (for regional comparisons)
- National production data
- Production by genera and/or species
Production systems and practices in the region
- Extensive, semi-intensive, intensive systems and practices
- Areas under production
Producers in the region
- Numbers of producers
- Distribution characteristics
Organizations of producers
- Cooperatives, NGOs, associations
Financial investment by public and private enterprises
Technical assistance projects in the sub-sector
Capital assistance projects in the sub-sector
Level 3. Local Infrastructure
Extension services in the region
- Characteristics of national organizations
- Agent qualifications, career advancement
- Agent complement, resources in facilities, transportation
- Methodologies of service, extension materials
Training of extension agents
- Vocational schools, transfers
- Special training courses
Seed production facilities in the region
- Hatcheries, field stations, production, species, prices
- Organizations of seed producers, cooperatives, NGOs
- Subsidies, characteristics of trade
Manufacture of feed and fertilizers in the region
- Manufacturers, millers, distributors, products, costs
- Organizations of suppliers, cooperatives, NGOs
- Subsidies, characteristics of trade
Manufacturers of equipment for the industry
- Engineering contractors, fabricators, suppliers
- Organizations of trade, associations, trade shows
- Equipment subsidies, characteristics of trade
Other services for the industry
- Consultants in disease diagnostics, water chemistry
- Programme and design engineers
Local credit programmes
- Institutions, volume, terms, conditions
Trade publications for producers
Technical assistance projects in the sub-sector
Level 4. National Infrastructure
Manpower training in aquaculture technologies
- Characteristics of background education
- Undergraduate training, institutions, facilities
- Post-graduate training, institutions, facilities
- Special technical courses
Manpower training in management
- Business, farm, credit, research
Aquaculture research in the region
- Institutions, programme objectives
- Staff complement, laboratories, outdoor facilities
Management of credit
- Credit institutions, policy, programmes
Associations of professionals in the region
- Societies, networks, meetings
Information for professionals
- International publications, databases
- Regional and national publications, databases
Technical assistance projects in the sub-sector
Capital assistance projects in the sub-sector
Level 5. National Sector Management
Government policy in the region
- Existing statements, individual or vis-à-vis other sectors
- Social objectives, health, welfare, employment, women
- Existing national plans and budgets for aquaculture development
Government organization in the region
- Characteristics vis-à-vis agriculture, fisheries, other
- Staffing policy, staff complement, responsibilities
Aquaculture legislation
- Licenses, permits
- Taxes, subsidies
- Environmental regulations for species transfer, quarantine
- Genetic conservation
Trade and business associations
Information resources for management
Technical assistance projects in the sub-sector
Level 6. Regional Sector Management
United Nations organizations in the region
- Member countries, general objectives relevant to the sector
- Brief history of support, financial investment
Other organizations in the region
- Member countries, general objectives relevant to the sector
- Brief history of support, financial investment
Economic communities of the region
- Member countries, general objectives relevant to the sector
- Specific programme activities in the industry
Regional and global aquaculture development projects
REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR THE PARTICIPANTS
Thematic Evaluation of Aquaculture, 1987. A joint study by the United Nations Development Programme, Norwegian Ministry of Development Cooperation, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome, FAO, 129 pp.
Fisheries Development. Review of support by the United Nations Development Programme, New York, 1986. 48 pp.
Research Priorities for African Aquaculture. Report of Workshop. International Development Research Centre and the UNDP/FAO Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme. IDRC-MR149. 1987. Ottawa, Canada. 172 pp. (Available in French, IDRC-MR 149f, 182 pp.)
Observations on International Technical Assistance to Aquaculture, 1986. UNDP/FAO Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme. ADCP/REP/86/23. Rome, FAO, 14 pp.
Future Economic Outlook for Aquaculture and Related Assistance Needs, 1987. UNDP/FAO Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme. ADCP/REP/87/25. Rome, FAO, 14 pp.
Women in Aquaculture - Proceedings of the ADCP/NORAD Workshop on Women in Aquaculture, 1987. Rome, FAO, ADCP/REP/87/28, 123 pp.
Aquaculture Aid Profiles, 1987. UNDP/FAO Aquaculture Development and Coordination Programme, ADCP/AP/87/9. Rome, FAO, 44 pp.
Abstracts: Summary of International Training. ADCP mimeo in draft, 1988. Networking. ADCP mimeo in draft, 1986.
Ten Regional Aquaculture Sector Surveys. ADCP mimeos in draft, 1988.
- Sub-Sahara Africa
- Mediterranean
- Near East
- Asia East
- Asia West
- Pacific
- Latin America
- Caribbean
- North America
- Eastern and Northwestern Europe
An individual, three hour session was devoted to the subject of "International Research in Aquaculture: organization and management of international assistance".
The historical role of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) in a number of research fields (rice, maize, wheat, livestock, tropical agriculture, etc.) since its conception in 1971 was briefly reviewed. For the last fifteen years aquaculture has also been identified as another possible field where international research could benefit production, and in 1988 CGIAR once more asked its Technical Advisory Committee (TAG) to examine whether there was a role for CGIAR to play in the international development of aquaculture. The participants at the session were asked to consider and discuss their views on what type of international assistance for aquaculture research was needed. It was noted also that the World Bank, in collaboration with the major donors and FAO, planned to undertake a global study on fisheries research needs, including aquaculture in 1989.
Short reviews were presented on the current organization and management of aquaculture research in (a) West Asia and China, (b) Southeast Asia, (c) Japan, (d) Latin America, (e) the Mediterranean, and (f) Africa. These were followed by an open discussion, chaired by a representative of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), to consider the following questions:
(a) Does international assistance have a role to play in aquaculture research?(b) If so, what are the appropriate mechanisms for channelling international support for research?
(c) What is the balance between nationally oriented and international research?
(d) What is the balance between research in developed and developing countries?
(e) What mechanisms maximize the utilization of research results?
It was agreed that international assistance had a role to play in aquaculture research, and several examples of the benefits of well-focused multi-disciplinary research in aquaculture were cited.
The principal question then was what mechanisms were most appropriate to channel international assistance (e.g. an international centre, networks, bilateral arrangements). It was generally agreed that there was no evidence at present for the formation of new regional or international bodies to manage or coordinate aquaculture research. There existed already research capacity and technical skills in present national and regional institutions, but whose effectiveness is largely constrained by limited funding. Research management and coordination should be led by strong national research institutions and should continue to occur through existing activities (meetings, training courses, publications). However, international assistance may be required to strengthen or multiply such activities in order to ensure efficient information exchange within and between regions.
In summary, the emphasis for international assistance to aquaculture should continue to be on supporting and strengthening national capabilities. Existing facilities and resources (including human) in the regions should be utilized to the fullest. The collection and exchange of aquaculture information and research results should be promoted. However, national research institutions once strengthened must have direct and assured funding.
Existing multilateral and bilateral agencies, development banks, and NGOs channel most of the present international support for aquaculture research. Regional Fisheries Commissions, which have not been active so far, might also be used. Use could also be made of national plans for aquaculture to establish research priorities.
Several characteristics of CGIAR-type "international centres" were noted. The present CGIAR centres were originally designed to complement national programmes by conducting research on problems the solution of which requires long-term periods and substantial funding. The major payoff in the international research centres has been in genetics, together with a 'package' for implementation of the benefits. For example, the results of plant breeding and selection were implemented and disseminated through a series of adaptive systems projects in a variety of regions. A major advantage of the CGIAR centres was their independence from specific pressure groups and national government control. A disadvantage was the need for almost indefinite financial support from international agencies and private groups.
International research in aquaculture should focus on a specific problem in order to maximize impact. Genetics in aquaculture was mentioned as one possible topic. However, it was questioned whether any multidisciplinary initiative on any one subject in aquaculture research will have global benefits, given the diversity of species and practices in this sector. Systems research was more desirable.
It was agreed that aquaculture research should be conducted in the region of future application whenever possible. The same was noted for education and training. Only in very special cases was it desirable to work outside the region of application. Twinning was an effective approach to bridge gaps in capabilities and had been used successfully by bilateral organizations for many years.
Maximum utilization of research results at a national level would be increased by stronger linkages between national research institutes, extension services, and producers.
At the regional and international level, utilization of research results might be maximized by (1) the publication of an inexpensive, frequently and quickly published, journal on applied aquaculture, and (2) access by developing countries to aquaculture databases and communications links through computer networks. International assistance could also support these needs.
|
|
Telephone No. |
|
Ms. Elvira Baluyut |
484227/483633 |
|
Dr. Martin Bilio |
(06196) 79-1478 |
|
Prof. Stefano Cataudella |
490 692 |
|
Ms. Amanda Courtney |
(01) 736 1659 |
|
Mr. Chen Foo Yan |
561 1728 |
|
Mr. Philippe Ferlin |
(1) 47 20 25 11 |
|
Mr. David Insull |
57976394 |
|
Dr. Craig B. Kensler |
57976739 |
|
Mr. Jerome Lazard |
(1) 43 94 43 00 |
|
Mr. Luigi Loria |
(061) 224-5647 |
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Dr. Colin E. Nash |
57976470 |
|
Dr. Richard Neal |
(703) 235 8946 |
|
Dr. Takeshi Nose |
05996-6-1830 |
|
Ms. Laura E. Piriz |
031 630 300 |
|
Dr. Howard Powles |
24 42 31 |
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Mr. Philip Reynolds |
906 5866 |
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Dr. Benedict Satia |
22 25 56 |
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Dr. Edward Scura |
(808) 237 8515 |
|
Ms. Petra Spliethoff |
08370-90256 |
|
Ms. Inger Stoll |
02-314055 |
|
Dr. John Tarbit |
01 273 0548 |
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Mrs. Sue van Niekerk |
2622 |
|
Mr. Michel M.J. Vincke |
57976708 |
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Mr. Enzo Vitale |
(0835) 97 18 77 |
