2. Africa

2.1 Ghana

Fishing fleet

Four main types of fishing fleets are operated along the 550 km coastline of Ghana, i.e.

- Inshore fishing: canoes and semi-industrial trawlers;
- offshore and oceanic fishing: industrial and tuna fishing fleets

Type of fishing	Distance or depth	Main species targeted
Artisanal canoes
Poli-watsa	Up to 40 m	Small pelagics: anchovy, sardinella, mackerel
Beach seine	Up to 25 m	Anchovy, sardinella, scad burrito, moonfish, ribbonfish, shrimps
Hook and line	From 10 to 220 m	Seabream, snappers, groupers, chubmackerel, scad
Bottom line	From 10 to 30 m	Sea bream, threadfin guitarfish
Gillnets (drifting)	Trips 16 to 20 hours	Shark, tuna, marlin, sailfish, swordfish
Gillnets (bottom set)	10 to 50 m	Spiny lobster, shark, ray, cephalopods
Semi-industrial vessels	Purse seining during 3 months upwelling season (between June and October) Trawling in shallow waters rest of the year
Industrial fleet
Tuna pole and liners	Ghanaian waters	Skipjack, yellowfin, bigeye
Trawlers and purse-seiners	30 industrial trawlers in Ghanaian waters	Demersal fish
	17 purse seiners in foreign waters	Pelagic fish
	16 shrimpers	Prawns and demersal fish

Plans for future development of fleet

Regarding the potential for development of new fishing areas, at present, three types of fishery resources are exploited:

- Small pelagic resources by canoes and semi-industrial fleet
- Large pelagics (tuna) by tuna fleet
- Demersal fish: sea-breams, mullets, snappers, cuttlefish by large trawlers.

The MSY for skipjack tuna has been evaluated around 200 000 tonnes (ICCAT). Catches in the region range between 100 000 and 150 000 tonnes. For Ghanaian waters the potential yield has been estimated at 80 000 tonnes approximately while average landings reach 25 000 tonnes. It is felt that there is a possibility of increasing fishing effort on that resource provided that minimum size restrictions are applied.

The MSY for demersal fish has been estimated between 24 000 and 42 000 tonnes. As in 1990 average landings were around 63 000 tonnes, the demersal resources can be considered overexploited in the coastal area (<75 m depth). There might be further development opportunities in the area between 75 m and 100 m depth, for trawlers, provided they use appropriate gear.

Techno-economic and operational characteristics of individual fishing units

Type of vessel	Length (m)	Propulsion (KW)	Fishing gear	Crew size	Sharing rate	Fishing days	Fishing seasons
Artisanal canoes
Poli / watsa canoe	12-18 m	29 Outboard	Purse seine 400-500 X 35-50 m	15-30	50 %	150	June-Sept.
Beach seine (Non motor.)			Beach-Seine 150 mX6 m	20-40	50 %	200
" (motor)		29 Outboard	1800 m X22 m	40-80	50 %	200
Hook & line	6-12 m	29 Outboard	10-12 lines	5-6	50 %	240	All year
Drifting gillnet		29 Outboard	Gillnet 100-450m X15-20 m	4-6	50 %	150	Peak Aug-Sept.
Bottom-set Gillnet	6-11 m	18 Outboard	Gillnet 180 m X1.2-1.5 m	3-4	33 %	280	All year
Semi-industrial fleet
Trawler	9-12 m	60-110	Trawl.		33 %	200	All year
Purse seiner	9-12 m	60-110	Purse seine		33 %	150
Industrial fleet
Tuna pole and liner	30 m	294+	Poles and lines	30-35	Daily wage	224	All year
Trawler (fish)	35 m	440+	Trawl	30-40	Daily wage	224
Trawler (shrimp)	35 m	440+	Trawl		Daily wage	224

Financial and economic characteristics of individual fishing units (in US$)

Cost of investment

Investment	Hull	Engine and propulsion	Fishing gear	Total
Depreciation rate	15 % Art (1) 4 % Ind.	30 % outboard (2) 10 % inboard	20 %
Type of vessel
Artisanal
Poli-watsa	3 750	Outboard 2 920	11 250	17 920
Beach seine (no motor)	830	-	3 330	4 160
Beach seine (motorized)	1 670	Outboard 2 920	5 420	10 010
Hook and line	1 670	Outboard 2 920	830	5 420
Drift gillnet	1 670	Outboard 2 920	2 500	7 090
Bottom-set gillnet	1 670	Outboard 1 670	1 670	5 010
Semi-industrial
Trawler	8 330	Inboard 20 830	4 170	33 330
Purse seiner	8 330	Inboard 20 830	10 000	39 160
Tuna pole and liner				1 262 500
Industrial
Trawler (fish)				1 262 500
Trawler (shrimp)				1 262 500

(1) Assumed depreciation rate for wooden canoes = 15 %
(2) Assumed depreciation rate for outboard motors = 30 %

Type of vessel		Poli-watsa canoe	Beach seine canoe (no motor)	Beach seine canoe (motorized)	Hook and line canoe
Total earnings		35 660	8 010	17 260	24 320
Running costs
	Fuel	8 630		1 920	4 140
	Ice				1 250
	Other running costs				2 330
Total running costs		8 630		1 920	7 720
Labour charges
	Labour share, wages	13 520	4 010	7 670	10 090
Total labour charges		13 520	4 010	7 670	10 090
Vessel costs
	Gear expenses	560	170	270	40
	Repairs and Maintenance	770	40	670	670
Total vessel costs		1 330	210	940	710
Total costs / expenses		23 480	4 220	10 530	18 520
Gross cash flow		12 180	3 790	6 730	5 800
	Depreciation	3 690	790	2 210	1 290
	Interest (1)	4 700	980	2 870	1 720
Net cash flow		3 790	2 020	1 650	2 790

(1) Average amount for repayment on six year (canoe) and two year (outboard motor) loan 80 percent of investment value. Interest rate six percent.

Type of vessel		Drifting gillnet canoe	Bottom-set gillnet canoe	Semi-industrial trawler	Semi-industrial purse seiner
Total Earnings		17 540	10 680	37 340	34 760
Running costs
	Fuel	8 630	2 760	7 300	10 250
	Ice			4 580
Total running costs		8 630	2 760	11 880	10 250
Labour charges
	Labour share, wages	2 970	2 640	10 010	8 170
	Social insurance
	Other labour charges
Total labour charges		2 970	2 640	10 010	8 170
Vessel costs
	Gear expenses	120	80	420	1 000
	Repairs and maintenance	670	420	2 920	2 920
	Vessel insurance			1 460	1 460
Total vessel costs		790	500	4 800	5 380
Total costs / expenses		12 390	5 900	26 690	23 800
Gross cash flow		5 150	4 780	10 650	10 960
	Depreciation	1 630	1 090	3 670	3 920
	Interest (1)	2 140	1 410	5 910	5 960
Net cash flow		1 380	2 280	1 070	1 080

(1) Average amount for repayment on six year (canoe or boat) and two year (outboard motor) loan 80 percent of investment. Interest rate six percent.

Type of vessel		Tuna pole and liner	Industrial trawler (fish)	Industrial trawler (shrimps)
Total earnings		1 284 280	1 159 030	1 295 530
Running costs
	Fuel	326 170
	Ice / salt	126 580
	Food	11 720
Total running costs		464 470
Labour charges
	Labour share, wages	162 500
Total labour charges		162 500
Vessel costs
	Gear expenses	30 420
	Repairs and maintenance	62 500
Total vessel costs		92 920
Total costs / expenses		719 890
Gross cash flow		564 390
	Depreciation	164 060
	Interest	(2) 130 590
Net cash flow		269 740	(1) 144 500	(1) 281 000

(1) No detailed data available
(2) Average amount for repayment of six year loan 80 percent of investment.
Interest rate six percent.

Informal Credit

Fish traders or moneylenders provide most of the credit to the fishing industry. The rate of interest is high, but repayment conditions are more flexible than in the case of institutional credit:

Rate of interest = 25 %

Repayment period:

- Trawlers, ten years
- Canoe, seven years
- Inboard motors, eight years
- Outboard motors, three years
- Gears, three to seven years

Institutional Credit

The Department of Fisheries initiated institutional credit in the late 1950's. The conditions were as follows:

- An equity contribution of 20 percent of the investment from the borrower payable to the Department of Fisheries;

- loan of 80 percent: of the cost of investment to be repaid in six years in the case of fishing boats and two years in the case of outboard motors;

- rate of interest: six percent per annum.

2.2 Senegal

Fishing fleet

Industrial fishing

Fish preservation	Inshore		Offshore and oceanic
	Pelagic	Demersal	Pelagic	Demersal
With ice	2 seiners	64 trawlers	5 longliners 5 pole and liners 29 seiners	6 trawlers
By freezing	8 trawlers (midwater)	69 trawlers	6 longliners 5 pole and liners 27 seiners	18 trawlers
TOTAL = 244	10	133	77	24

Artisanal fishing

Type of vesel	No. 1993
Purse seiners	344
Encircling gillnetters	72
Handliners	694
Multipurpose canoes (Handlines and/or gillnets and/or cuttle- fish and octopus traps and pots)	4 552
Total	5 662

Fishing areas

Three fishing zones from North to South can be distinguished:

A: From Mauritania down to Cap Vert (Dakar)
B: From Cap Vert peninsula down to North Gambia border (Petite côte)
C: From North Gambia border down to Guinea-Bissau (Casamance)

Industrial fishing

- Inshore pelagic fishing:
- Ice seiners up to 50 GRT	beyond 3 n mi
- Ice seiners from 51 to 250 GRT	A: beyond 3 n mi
	B: - 12 n mi
	C: - 3 n mi
- Ice seiners beyond 250 GRT	A: beyond 12 n mi
	B: - 12 n mi
	C: - 6 n mi
- Freezing seiners	A: beyond 12 n mi
	B: - 25 n mi
	C: - 6 n mi
- Midwater trawlers	A: beyond 20 n mi
Inshore demersal fishing:
- Ice trawlers < 300 GRT	A > 6 n mi
- Freezing trawlers < 250 GRT	B > 10 n mi
	C > 6 n mi
- Ice trawlers > 300 GRT	A > 12 n mi
- Freezing trawlers > 250 GRT	B > 14 n mi
	C > 12 n mi

- Offshore demersal fishing:

A > 12 n mi
B > 25 n mi
C > 35 n mi

- Tuna seiners and pole and liners allowed in any zone.
- Longliners fishing for swordfish

A > 15 n mi
B > 12 n mi
C > 20 n mi

- Longliners fishing for tuna

A > 25 n mi
B > 30 n mi
C > 50 n mi

Inshore pelagic fishing	Reserved areas
- Purse seiners	A : within 3 n mi
- Encircling gillnetters	B : within 12 n mi
- Handliners	C : within 6 n mi
- Multipurpose canoes

Inshore demersal fishing
- Handliners	A, B, C : within 6 n mi
- Multipurpose canoes

Fishing areas have been delineated according to the different type and size of fishing vessel.

Other fisheries legislation and regulations

In 1987 a specific law has laid down restrictions related to:

- fishing power (vessels of > 1500 GRT are banned);
- fishing gears (essentially mesh-sizes);
- fishing rights (essentially licences);
- minimum sizes for fish.

Industrial fishing

Large-scale fishing units commissioned in Dakar are rather old. The average age of ice-vessels is 24 years and for freezers 21 years. Regarding the future development of the fleet, the following recommendations have been formulated by the Fisheries Research Institute:

Inshore pelagic fishing

- Ban any increase of fishing effort for zone A
- Urge on moving towards zones B and C (vessels > 100 GRT)
- Reduce fishing effort of freezing mid-water trawlers and direct them towards offshore fishing.

- Decrease of fishing effort back to a lower level than that of 1992;
- improve control of all fishing including small-scale fishing.

- Maintain fishing effort for prawns (optimum level);
- increase fishing effort for hake

· Improve estimates of regional fishing opportunities;
· increase fishing effort on tuna adult population through longlining experiments.

Inshore pelagic fishing
Reduce fishing effort for zone B

Inshore demersal fishing
Ban any increase of fishing effort.

Techno-economic and operational characteristics of individual fishing Units

Industrial fishing

Type of vessel	Length (m)	Tonnage (GRT)	KW	On board facilities/ storage	Fishing gear	Crew size	Ownership
Coastal seiner	24-31	80	295	Ice + fishhold (50t)	seine (620-950m)	15-20	Company owned
Pelagic trawler	62 - 104	1 900 - 4 900	1 470 - 4 270	Freezing +storage 5700t	Trawl (150 - 480m)	25-30	Chartered vessel
Coastal trawler (demersal / ice)	27 - 49	120 - 480	295 - 1470	Ice + fishhold (66t)	Trawl (48m)	15-25	Company owned
Coastal trawler (demersal / feezer)	32 - 47	160 - 540	370 -1990	Freezing 6t/day + storage : 100t	Trawl (60m)	20-25	Company owned
Deep sea trawler (ice)	27 - 39	120 - 390	295 - 920	Ice + fishhold (100t)	Trawl (72m)	13-22	Company owned
Deep sea trawler (Freezer)	27 - 38	120 - 415	570 - 1360	Freezing : 2t/day + storage 100t	Trawl (83m)	13-22	Company owned
Off-shore fishing (pelagic)
Seiners	36 - 77	210 - 3730	730 - 2940	Freezing + storage 400 - 1000t	Seine (1 500m)	21-28	Company owned
Pole and Liner	20 - 45	80 - 380	220 - 730	Ice + fishhold (40 - 90t)	Poles and lines	17-33	Company owned
Longliner	20 -60	80-410	295 - 1100	Ice or freezing	Longlines 1500 - 3500 hooks	20-40	Company owned

Type of vessel	Fishing days	Average duration of fishing trips	Fishing seasons
Coastal seiner	78 / year	12 - 13 hours	All year
Pelagic trawler	270	3 months	"
Coastal trawler (demersal / ice)	101	5 days	Maximum Oct-June
Coastal trawler (demersal / freezer)	234	17 days	"
Deep sea trawler (ice)	203	6 days	"
Deep sea trawler (freezer)	240	40 days	"
Offshore fishing (pelagic)
Seiner	120	40 days	Feb-May
Pole and liner	120	7 - 17 days	Nov-Feb
Longliner (ice)	180	15 - 20 days
Longliner (freezer)	240	8 months

Artisanal fishing

Type of vessel	Length (m)	Tonnage (GRT)	KW	On board facilities / storage	Fishing gear	Crew size	Sharing system
Purse seiners	12 - 22	12 -20	59	Fishhold 12 -20 t	Seine 200 - 270m X 42 - 48m	14 - 20	1/3 for the net 2/3 shared between crew, boat, engines
Encircling gillnetters	10 -17	3 - 7	29	Fishhold 3 - 7 t	250 - 450m X 7 - 12m	8 - 12	1/3 crew 1/3 boat 1/3 engine
Handliners	9 - 22	2 - 4	59	Ice + fishhold	Handlines	11	"
Multipurpose canoes	8 - 13	0.5 - 1.7	11		Gillnets handlines traps	6 - 8	"

Type of vessel	Fishing days	Average duration of fishing trips	Fishing seasons
Purse seiners	20 -23 days per month	8 - 10 hours	All year (maximum Nov-May)
Encircling gillnetters	"	"	"
Handliners	3 trips per month	6 - 7 days	All year
Multipurpose canoes	28 days per month	8 - 10 hours	"

Financial and economic characteristics of individual fishing units

Industrial fishing

Investment costs

Deep sea trawler 22 m. Investments in US$	Depreciation rate and amount
Hull = 692 730	4 %	27 710
Engine and propulsion = 181 820	10 %	18 180
Deck equipment and safety = 63 640	10 %	6 360
Equipment for navigation, fish detection and communication = 23 640	10 %	2 360
Fish preservation and storage = 100 000	4 %	4 000
Fishing gear and equipment = 29 090	20 %	5 820
Total = 1 090 920		64 430

- Economic and Financial performance (in US$)

Type of vessel	Deep Sea trawler 22 m / 316 KW Demersal Fish-Shrimps-Cephalopods
Total Earnings	462 360
Running costs
Fuel	101 090
Harbour dues	4 630
Total running costs	105 720
Labour charges
Labour share, wages	74 570
Total labour charges	74 570
Vessel costs
Gear expenses	100 960
Repairs and maintenance	101 210
Vessel insurance	36 000
General expenses	45 840
Total vessel costs	244 010
Total costs / expenses	424 300
Gross cash flow	38 060
Depreciation	64 430
Interest	44 600 (1)
Net cash flow	- 70 970

(1) Average amount for repayment on 13 year loan 80 percent of investment.
Interest rate 9.5 percent.

Artisanal fishing

Investment costs

Investments in US$	Hull	Engine and propulsion (outboard)	Deck equipment and others	Fishing gear	Total value
Depreciation rate	15 % (1)	30 % (2)	10 %	20 %
Type of boat
Purse seiner	7 640	6 470	1 180	12 140	27 430
Encircling gillnetter	3 270	3 240	470	3 040	10 020
- Handliner	3 270	3 240	120	300	6 930
- Multipurpose canoe	2 360	2 640	120	1 520	6 640

(1) Assumed depreciation rate for wooden canoes = 15 %
(2) Assumed depreciation rate for outboard motors = 30 %

Economic and financial performance (in US$)

Type of vessel	Purse seiner	Encircling gillnetter	Handliner	Multipurpose canoe
Total earnings	71 930	26 630	30 180	12 540
Running costs
Fuel	19 270	11 570	7 000	1 400
Ice			1 820
Food	2 360	950	1 180	360
Other running costs	350	240	620	70
Total running costs	21 980	12 760	10 620	1 830
Labour charges
Labour shares, wages	26 670	10 480	15 980	5 900
Total labour charges	26 670	10 480	15 980	5 900
Vessel costs
gear expenses	3 040	760	80	380
repairs and maintenance	2 660	930	930	740
Total vessel costs	5 700	1 690	1 010	1 120
Total costs / expenses	54 350	24 930	27 610	8 850
Gross cash flow	17 580	1 700	2 570	3 690
Depreciation	3 200	1 510	1 470	1 160
Interest(1)	2 100	800	500	500
Net Cash Flow	12 280	- 610	600	2 030

(1) Average amount for repayment on two year loan 80 percent of investment.
Interest rate 13 percent.

Financial services available to fisheries sector

Industrial Fishing

Access of this category of fishing unit to institutional credit:

Four commercial banks are involved in financing the Fisheries Sector:

- Société Générale de Banque au Sénégal (SGBS)
- Banque Internationale pour le Commerce et l'Industrie au Sénégal (BICIS)
- Crédit Lyonnais du Sénégal
- Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afrique Occidentale (CBAO)

Terms of Finance

ABD - Economic Promotion Fund

Total amount 70.9 million US$ on which 18.2 million are already undertaken.

- Loan = 70 % maximum of investment
- Repayment period 15 years maximum after five years deferring for capital repayment.

Maximum amount / investment = 3.6 million US$

- Repayment period 15 years maximum after five years deferring for capital repayment.
- Rate = 13.2 %

- Maximum loan amount = 2.9 million US$ and 80 % of investment
- Repayment period 13 years maximum after two years deferring for capital repayment
- Rate = 9.5 %

Access of this category of fishing unit to institutional credit:

- Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole du Sénégal (CNAS)

- Projet de développement de la pêche artisanale sur la Petite Côte (PAPEC) supported by ABD;

- Projet d'appui aux professionnels de la pêche artisanale en Casamance (PROPAC) supported by CFD and EDF;

- Projet d'appui aux Mutuelles d'épargne et de Crédit au Sénégal (PAMECAS) supported by Canadian coopération.

- NGOs

- Loan = maximum 80 percent of investment
- Repayment period = 24 months
- Rate 13 percent
- Collateral requirements = guarantee and/or mortgage.

On fuel: (total amount in 1992: US$22 million)
Price for fisheries: 1 litre = US$0.30