APPENDICES

Appendix I. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT
Appendix II. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Appendix III. CIPAC CODES FOR PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
Appendix IV. MRL PERIODIC REVIEW PROCEDURE BY CCPR
Appendix V. RECOMMENDED SAMPLING METHOD FOR SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS
Appendix VI. PORTION OF COMMODITIES TO WHICH CODEX MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS APPLY AND WHICH IS ANALYSED
Appendix VII. STANDARDIZED FORMAT FOR ORGANIZING THE DATA DIRECTORY (INDEX) OF INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED FOR EVALUATION
Appendix VIII. PESTICIDE INFORMATION FOR CCPR WORKING GROUP ON PRIORITIES
Appendix IX. MAXIMUM PROPORTION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN ANIMAL FEED
Appendix X. JMPR MANUAL FOR FAO PANEL MEMBERS

Appendix I. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT

ADI	Acceptable Daily Intake
ai	active ingredient
ARfD	Acute Reference Dose
bw	body weight
CA	Chemical Abstracts
CAS	Chemical Abstracts Service
CAC	Codex Alimentarius Commission
CCN	Codex commodity number
CCPR	Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues
CIPAC	Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council
CXL	Official Codex MRL
EC	European Community
EDI	Estimated Daily Intake
EMDI	Estimated Maximum Daily Intake
ERL	Extraneous Residue Limit
EMRL	Extraneous Maximum Residue Limit
FAO	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
GAP	Good Agricultural Practice
GCPF	Global Crop Protection Federation
GIFAP	Groupement International des Associations Nationales de Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques (International Group of National Associations of Manufacturers of Agrochemical Products), see GCPF
IEDI	International Estimated Daily Intake
IUPAC	International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
ISO	International Standard Organization
JMPR	Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Expert Group on Pesticide Residues
LOD	limit of determination
MRL	Maximum Residue Limit
NEDI	National Estimated Daily Intake
PHI	Pre-harvest interval
RAC	Raw agricultural commodity
SPS	WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
STMR	Supervised Trials Median Residue
STMR-P	Supervised Trials Median Residue - processed commodity
TMDI	Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake
TMRL	Temporary Maximum Residue Limit
ULV	Ultra Low Volume
US EPA	United States Environmental Protection Agency
WHO	World Health Organization of the United Nations
WTO	World Trade Organization

Appendix II. GLOSSARY OF TERMS

At the very early meetings some definitions were adopted by JMPR. A glossary of definitions accepted by successive JMPR Meetings was added as Appendix IV to the report of the 1969 Meeting (FAO/WHO Report, 1970a). Additions and ammendments to the definitions have since been made at subsequent meetings. Below are the present definitions used by the JMPR and CAC with the explanatory notes added to the definitions. The reader is referred to the IUPAC recommended Glossary of Terms relating to Pesticides (IUPAC, 1996) for the definition of relevant terms not given in these Guidelines.

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (Codex Alimentarius, Vol. 2A)

of a chemical is the daily intake which, during an entire lifetime, appears to be without appreciable risk to the health of the consumer on the basis of all the known facts at the time of the evaluation of the chemical by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. It is expressed in milligrams of the chemical per kilogram of body weight. (Note: For additional information on ADIs relative to pesticide residues, refer to the Report of the 1975 Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, FAO Plant Production and Protection Series No. 1 or WHO Technical Report Series No. 592.)

Critical supporting studies

are metabolism, animal transfer, processing, analytical methods and freezer storage stability studies.

Definition of residues (for compliance with MRLs)

is that combination of the pesticide and/or its metabolites, derivatives and related compounds to which the MRL applies. (Ref. JMPR Report 1995, 2.8.1.)

Explanatory note: The residue definition for compliance with MRLs depends on the results of metabolism and toxicology studies, supervised residue trials, analytical methods and its general suitability for monitoring compliance with GAP.

Definition of residues (for estimation of dietary intake)

is that combination of the pesticide and/or its metabolites, impurities and degradation products to which the STMR applies.

Explanatory note: The residue definition for estimation of dietary intake depends on the results of metabolism and toxicology studies and its general suitability for estimating dietary intake of the residue for comparison with the ADI.

Derived edible products (Ref. JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of Codex Alimentarius, the term "derived edible products" means food or edible substances isolated from primary food commodities or raw agricultural commodities not intended for human consumption as such, using physical, biological or chemical processes."

Desirable (JMPR Report 1986, 2.5)

"Information desired for the continued evaluation of the compound."

Extraneous Maximum Residue Limit (EMRL) (Codex Alimentarius Vol. 2A).

refers to a pesticide residue or a contaminant arising from environmental sources (including former agricultural uses) other than the use of the pesticide or contaminant substance directly or indirectly on the commodity. It is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue that is recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted or recognised as acceptable in or on a food, agricultural commodity or animal feed. The concentration is expressed in milligrams of pesticide residue or contaminant per kilogram of the commodity.

Explanatory Notes:

The term EMRL is synonymous with "Extraneous Residue Limit" (ERL) which is used by the JMPR.

Residues in Food of animal origin arising from residues in animal feed derived from activities that are controllable by farming practices are covered by "maximum residue limits". The term "practical residue limit", which has led to much confusion, has been abandoned.

The definition of ERL replaced the expressions "practical residue limit" and "unintentional residue", in existence since the 1967 JMPR.

Good Agricultural Practice (CAC, 1995)

"Good Agricultural Practice in the use of Pesticides (GAP) includes the nationally authorised safe uses of pesticides under actual conditions necessary for effective pest control. It encompasses a range of levels of pesticide applications up to the highest authorised use, applied in a manner which leaves a residue which is the smallest amount practicable.

Authorised safe uses are determined at the national level and include nationally registered or recommended uses, which take into account public and occupational health and environmental safety considerations.

Actual conditions include any stage in the production, storage, transport, distribution of food commodities and animal feed."

Guideline Level (JMPR Report 1975, Annex 3)

"A Guideline Level is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue that might occur after the official recommended or authorized use of a pesticide for which no acceptable daily intake or temporary acceptable daily intake is established and that need not be exceeded if good practices are followed. It is expressed in milligrams of the residue per kilogram of the food".

International Estimated Daily Intake (IEDI)

The International Estimated Daily Intake (IEDI) is the estimate of long-term dietary intake of a pesticide residue based on WHO cultural diets, the STMR and factors such as food-processing that can be used at the international level.

Limit of Determination (Codex Alimentarius, Vol. 2A)

is the lowest concentration of a pesticide residue or contaminant that can be identified and quantitatively measured in a specified food, agricultural commodity or animal feed with an acceptable degree of certainty by a regulatory method of analysis.

Maximum Residue Level

is estimated by the JMPR as the maximum concentration of residues (expressed as mg/kg) which may occur in a food or feed commodity following Good Agricultural Practices. The estimated maximum residue level is considered by the JMPR to be suitable for establishing Codex MRLs.

Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) (Codex Alimentarius Vol. 2A)

is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue (expressed as mg/kg), recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission to be legally permitted in or in food commodities and animal feeds. MRLs are based on GAP data and foods derived from commodities that comply with the respective MRLs are intended to be toxicologically acceptable.

Codex MRLs, which are primarily intended to apply in international trade, are derived from estimations made by the JMPR following:

a) toxicological assessment of the pesticide and its residue; and

b) review of residue data from supervised trials and supervised uses including those reflecting national good agricultural practices. Data from supervised trials conducted at the highest nationally recommended, authorised or registered uses are included in the review. In order to accommodate variations in national pest control requirements, Codex MRLs take into account the higher levels shown to arise in such supervised trials, which are considered to represent effective pest control practices.

Consideration of the various dietary residue estimates and determinations both at the national and international level in comparison with the ADI, should indicate that foods complying with Codex MRLs are safe for human consumption.

Explanatory note: The Maximum Residue Limit applies to the product when first offered in commerce, unless otherwise indicated. For commodities entering international trade the MRL is applicable at the point of entry into a country or as soon as practicable thereafter and, in any event, before processing.

Multi-ingredient manufactured food (JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of Codex Alimentarius, the term "multi-ingredient manufactured food" means a "processed food" consisting of more than one major ingredient".

Pesticide (JMPR Report 1975, Annex 3)

"A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing or controlling any unwanted species of plants and animals and also includes any substances or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant or dessicant".

Explanatory Note: The term "pesticide" includes any substance used for the control of pests during the production, storage, transport, marketing or processing of food for man or animals or which may be administered to animals for control of insects or arachnids in or on their bodies. It does not apply to antibiotics or other chemicals administered to animals for other purposes, such as to stimulate their growth or to modify their reproductive behaviour; nor does it apply to fertilizers.

Pesticide" (CAC, 1995)

means any substance intended for preventing, destroying, attracting, repelling, or controlling any pest including unwanted species of plants or animals during the production, storage, transport, distribution and processing of food, agricultural commodities or animal feeds, or which may be administered to animals for the control of ectoparasites. The term includes substances intended for use as a plant-growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, fruit-thinning agent, or sprouting inhibitor and substances applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage and transport. The term normally excludes fertilizers, plant and animal nutrients, food additives and animal drugs.

Pesticide Residue (JMPR Report 1975, Annex 3)

"A pesticide residue is any substance or mixture of substances in food for man or animals resulting from the use of pesticide and includes any specified derivates, such as degradation and conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities which are considered to be of toxicological significance."

Explanatory note. The term "pesticide residue" includes residues from unknown sources (i.e. background residues) as well as those from known uses of the chemical in question.

Adjuvants are not included in the definition of residues.

Pesticide Residue (CAC)

means any specified substance in food, agricultural commodities or animal feed resulting from the use of a pesticide. The term includes any derivatives of a pesticide, such as conversion products, metabolites, reaction products and impurities considered to be of toxicological significance.

Primary Food Commodity (JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of the Codex Alimentarius, the term "Primary Food Commodity" means the product in or nearly in its natural state intended for processing into food for sale to the consumer or as a food without further processing. It includes irradiated primary food commodities and products after removal of certain parts of the plant or parts of animal tissue".

Processed food - general definition (JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of the Codex Alimentarius, the term "processed food" means the product, resulting from the application of physical, chemical or biological processes to a "primary food commodity" intended for direct sale to the consumer, for direct use as an ingredient in the manufacture of food or for further processing. "Primary food commodities" treated with ionizing radiation, washed, sorted or submitted to similar treatment are not considered to be "processed foods". "

Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (JMPR Report 1994, 2.3)

"A value based on toxicological data. It represents tolerable human intake of a former agricultural pesticide that may occur as a contaminant in food, drinking water and the environment".

Explanatory note: The term "tolerable" rather than "acceptable" is used to signify permissibility rather than acceptability of the intake of environmental contaminants unavoidably associated with the consumption of otherwise wholesome food. Use of the term "provisional" expresses the fact that reliable data on the consequences of human exposure to these pesticides are lacking and that the submission from any source of relevant safety data is encouraged.

Regulatory Method of Analysis (JMPR Report 1975, Annex 3)

"A regulatory method of analysis is a method suitable for the determination of a pesticide residue in connexion with the enforcement of legislation".

Explanatory note: For this purpose, it is often necessary to identify the nature of the residue as well as to determine its concentration. Subject to any expression of requirements in the particular legislation, the accuracy, the precision and limit of determination of a regulatory method need to be sufficient only to demonstrate clearly whether or not a Maximum Residue Limit has been exceeded. Usually regulatory methods are not specified in pesticide residues legislation, and at any given time there may be a number of methods suitable for a particular purpose.

Required (JMPR Report 1986, 2.5)

"Information required in order to estimate maximum residue levels or confirm temporary estimates".

Explanatory note. Results of further work required should be made available not later than the specified date, after which the compound will be re-evaluated. The re-evaluation may be carried out at an earlier Meeting if relevant information should become available. Each recommended TMRL will be directly related to an item of required information (Ref. JMPR Report 1992, 2.8).

Secondary Food Commodity (Ref. JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of Codex Alimentarius, the term "Secondary Food Commodity" means a "Primary Food Commodity" which has undergone simple processing, such as removal of certain portions, drying, husking and comminution, which do not basically alter the composition or identity of the product. Secondary food commodities may be processed further or may be used as an ingredient in the manufacture of food or may be sold directly to the consumer".

Single-ingredient manufactured food (JMPR Report 1979, Annex 3)

"For the purposes of Codex Alimentarius, the term "single-ingredient manufactured food" means a "processed food" which consists of one identifiable food ingredient with or without packing medium or with or without minor ingredients, such as flavouring agents, spices and condiments, and which is normally pre-packaged and ready for consumption with or without cooking".

Supervised trials (for estimating mrls) (New definition)

Scientific studies in which pesticides are applied to crops or animals according to specified conditions intended to reflect commercial practice after which harvested crops or tissues of slaughtered animals are analysed for pesticide residues. Usually specified conditions are those which approximate existing or proposed GAP.

Supervised Trials Median Residue (STMR)

The supervised trials median residue (STMR) is the expected residue level (expressed as mg/kg) in the edible portion of a food commodity when a pesticide has been used according to maximum GAP conditions. The STMR is estimated as the median of the residue values (one from each trial) from supervised trials conducted according to maximum GAP conditions.

Temporary MRL (TMRL) or Temporary EMRL (TEMRL) (Codex Alimentarius Vol. 2A)

is an MRL or EMRL established for a specified, limited period and is recommended under either of the following conditions:

1. Where a temporary acceptable daily intake has been estimated by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide residues for the pesticide or contaminant of concern; or

2. Where, although an acceptable daily intake has been estimated, the good agricultural practice is not sufficiently known or residue data are inadequate for proposing an MRL or ERL by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues.

(Note: TMRLs and TERLs are not to be advanced further than Step 7 of the Codex Procedure)

The 1992 JMPR gave the following definition (Report, section 2.8):

"A temporary maximum residue limit is a maximum residue limit for a specified, limited period, which is clearly related to required information."

Comments:

The "Temporary maximum residue limit" is a successor of the "temporary tolerance" introduced by the 1966 JMPR, which was changed to "temporary maximum residue limit" in 1975.

At the 1988 JMPR the decision was taken not to establish Temporary Acceptable Daily Intakes any longer for new and periodic review compounds.

According to the Report of 1992 JMPR, there is still a possibility that TMRLs may be recommended when the information lacking on some residue aspects is unlikely to affect the validity of an estimated maximum residue level and would be available shortly. Each recommended TMRL will be directly related to an item of required information.

Appendix III. CIPAC CODES FOR PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS

AB Grain bait
AE Aerosol dispenser
AL Other liquids to be applied undiluted
BB Block bait
BR Briquette
CB Bait concentrate
CG Encapsulated granule

CS Capsule suspension
DC Dispersible concentrate
DP Dustable powder
DS Powder for dry seed treatment
EC Emulsifiable concentrate
ED Electrochargeable liquid
EO Emulsion, water in oil
ES Emulsion for seed treatment
EW Emulsion, oil in water
FD Smoke tin
FG Fine granule
FK Smoke candle

FP Smoke cartridge
FR Smoke rodlet
FS Flowable concentrate for seed treatment
FT Smoke tablet
FU Smoke generator
FW Smoke pellet
GA Gas
GB Granular bait
GE Gas generating product
GG Macrogranule
GL Macrogranule
GP Flo-dust
GR Granule
GS Grease
GW Water soluble gel
HN Hot fogging concentrate

KK Combi-pack solid/liquid*
KL Combi-pack liquid/liquid*
KN Cold fogging concentrate
KP Combi-pack solid/solid*
LA Lacquer
LS Solution for seed treatment
MG Microgranule
OF Oil miscible flowable concentrate (oil miscible suspension)
OL Oil miscible liquid
OP Oil dispersible powder
PA Paste
PB Plate bait
PC Gel concentrate or paste concentrate
PO Pour-on
PR Plant rodlet
PS Seed coated with a pesticide
RB Bait (ready to use)
SA Spot-on
SB Scrap bait
SC Suspension concentrate(= flowable concentrate)
SE Suspo-emulsion
SG Water soluble granule
SL Soluble concentrate
SO Spreading oil
SP Water soluble powder
SS Water soluble powder for seed treatment
SU Ultra-low volume (ULV) suspension
TB Tablet
TC Technical material
TK Technical concentrate
TP Tracking powder
UL Ultra-low volume (ULV) liquid
VP Vapour releasing product
WG Water dispersible granule
WP Wettable powder
WS Water dispersible powder for slurry treatment
XX Others

* Special two-letter codes for twin-packs.

Appendix IV. MRL PERIODIC REVIEW PROCEDURE BY CCPR

(ALINORM 97/24 APPENDIX III)

CODEX COMMITTEE ON PESTICIDE RESIDUES MRL PERIODIC REVIEW PROCEDURE⁴

⁴ At the time of the preparation of the Guidelines this text was under submission to the Codex Alimentarius Commission for endorsement at its 22nd session in 1997.

The periodic Review Procedure consists of two distinct phases as described below:

PHASE I
IDENTIFY PERIODIC REVIEW CHEMICALS AND SOLICIT DATA COMMITMENTS
(Year 1, CCPR Meeting)

1. Identify Candidate Chemicals for Re-evaluation

On an annual basis the CCPR (Working Group on Priorities) lists chemicals meeting the following criteria:

- pesticide chemicals for which MRLs were first estimated more than 10 years ago;

or

- pesticide chemicals for which a periodic review was conducted more than 10 years ago.

Tentative lists for several years may be prepared when feasible.

2. Notify Data Owners or Other Parties of Candidate List

Governments and international organizations represented at the annual CCPR Meeting expeditiously notify current data owners (or other interested parties) of the candidate list for periodic reviews, and when available, tentative lists for the following years. A copy of the most recent procedure for periodic review is also included.

3. Invite Commitment to Support Continued (or New) Codex Maximum Residue Limits (CXLs)

With their notification to data owners (or other interested parties) on the candidacy of chemicals for periodic review, governments and international organizations inquire of these parties their willingness to provide data for that review and also to advise them of the implications if they choose not to.

The invitation for a commitment will request a written response within six months to be provided to:

- Chairman, CCPR
- Chairman, Priorities Working Group
- JMPR Secretariats
- the requester (government or international organization representative) (Names, titles and addresses will be provided)

The invitation will request that the following information be provided in the response:

a. A list of all commodities for which interested parties are willing to support CXLs.

b. A brief summary of all current Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) which they are willing to provide and which is pertinent to residue data they are willing to provide (e.g. commodities and countries for which detailed GAP summaries and representative labels can be provided).

c. A lists of all chemistry (residue, metabolism, animal transfer, processing, analytical sample storage stability, analytical methods etc.) and toxicology studies and other data that they are willing to provide (regardless of whether previously provided) and the complete data package submissions to the JMPR. Comments on the status of registrations for the chemicals at the national level are encouraged. Data for which a submission is committed should be identified in the response by study or report title and number, author and date.

4. Repeat the Notification and Invitation

By means of a Codex Circular Letter to accompany the report of the Meeting the Secretariat will repeat the notification and request. On receipt of the request by the Circular Letter, governments and international organizations will immediately repeat their notification and invitation to identified interested parties who may not have been represented at the CCPR (they would not have received the report of the Meeting or the accompanying Circular Letter). Interested parties need only respond to one of the requests, but should copy addresses listed in item 3 above.

PHASE II
STATUS REPORT ON DATA COMMITMENTS AND CCPR FOLLOW-UP
(Year 2, CCPR Meeting)

1. Status Report on Data Commitments - The Priorities Working Group will provide a report and room document to the CCPR on the status of commitments received to provide data for each compound identified in year 1. This information will be used to schedule JMPR reviews or to make other recommendations such as withdrawal of CXLs.

2. Response to Data Commitments

a. If there is no commitment to provide and identify or develop data to support current CXLs, the CXL(s) will be recommended by the CCPR for withdrawal by the next session of the Codex Commission.

b. If a commitment is made to provide and identify or develop data to support current CXLs, the MRL(s) are scheduled for JMPR review. The JMPR review will result in one of the following scenarios:

- Sufficient data are submitted to confirm the CXL and it remains in place.

- Sufficient data are submitted to support a new proposed MRL, it enters the process at Step 3 and the existing CXL is deleted automatically after no more than 4 years.

If insufficient data have been submitted to support a new MRL or to confirm the existing CXL, data submitters are so advised by written notification from the FAO Joint Secretary and/or by issuance of the JMPR Report.

On being advised of the data inadequacy, data submitters may by the next CCPR Meeting, provide to the FAO and CCPR Secretaries a written commitment to generate and submit a complete dossier of required data for review within 4 years. The CXL is maintained for no more than 4 years following advice of data inadequacy (by direct notification or by issuance of the JMPR Report). The 4-year period may be extended by the CCPR only to the extent necessary for the JMPR to schedule and complete review of the available new data.

The new data are scheduled for the second JMPR review and the first part of the PHASE II 2b procedure is repeated:

- Sufficient data are submitted to confirm the CXL and it remains in place.

- Sufficient data are submitted to support a new proposed MRL and it enters the process at Step 3. The CXL is automatically deleted no more than 4 years after the new proposal enters the process.

- Insufficient data are submitted to confirm the CXL or support a proposed MRL and the CCPR recommends deletion of the CXL.

c. If the committed data are not submitted, or if the data submitted for the initial periodic review are insufficient and no commitment is made by the next CCPR Meeting to generate new data, the CCPR recommends deletion of the CXL.

SUMMARY OF PERIODIC REVIEW PROCEDURE FOR CODEX MRLs

Appendix V. RECOMMENDED SAMPLING METHOD FOR SUPERVISED FIELD TRIALS⁵

⁵ This procedure is extracted with some modifications form FAO Guidelines on Producing Pesticide Residues Data from Supervised Trials, FAO Rome 1990.

1. General Recommendations

The best information about the residue behaviour of the pesticide under study would be obtained by the analysis of the entire yield of a plot. Since this is not practicable, representative samples have to be taken. Careful attention to the details of sampling is essential if worthwhile samples are to be obtained. Valid analytical results can only be obtained if the samples have been properly taken, despatched and stored before analysis.

In selecting sampling points and/or the sampling method, all factors that control the residue distribution over the entire experimental plot must be considered. The best approach for any given plot can only be determined by a sufficiently trained person who is capable of recognising the importance and usefulness of the residue data sought, and who can interpret the results.

The samples must be representative to enable the analytical result to be applied to the entire experimental unit. The greater the number of plants sampled in a field plot, the more representative the sample will be. However, economics and the practical problems involved in handling large samples affect the magnitude of the sampling programme. The size of sample suggested is the minimum that experience has shown is needed to give a representative, valid sample. The sizes are not usually dictated by the analytical method, which can often determine minute amounts of pesticides in small amounts of sample.

1.1 Method of Sampling

Generally, the selection of the portions that make up the field sample should be made depending on the circumstances:

· randomly, e.g. by the use of random numbers

· systematically, e.g. in the case of field crops on a diagonal ("X" or an "S" course)

· selectively from predetermined sampling-points, e.g. in the case of tree fruits, take both exposed samples and those covered by foliage so that each fruit has an equal chance of being taken.

Points to be borne in mind are:

· Avoid taking samples at the beginning or at the extreme end of plots (start and finish of spraying).

· Take and bag the required weight or number of samples in the field and do not subsample until the samples are in a clean field laboratory or in the analytical laboratory.

· Sample all parts of the crop that can be consumed by humans or livestock.

· Sample the parts of the crop that normally constitute the commercial commodity as described in Appendix VI.

· Where appropriate, consider commercial harvesting practice which reflects normal "Good Agricultural Practice" (see also section 2).

1.2 Replication

In certain cases where there is likely to be considerable within-plot variation, such as orchard and glasshouse trials, three sample replicates per plot may be taken at or near harvest.⁶ Sample integrity should be maintained throughout the procedure.

⁶ The Study Plan should prescribe when replicate samples are needed. Replicate samples should be clearly indicated in the sampling and analytical reports.

1.3 Sample Handling

· Take care not to remove surface residues during handling, packing or preparation.

· Avoid any damage to or deterioration of the sample which might affect residue levels.

· To provide a representative sample of the raw commodity, adhering soil may have to be removed from some crops, such as root crops. This may be done by brushing and, if necessary, gentle rinsing with cold running water (see also 4.3.2.1).

· Sample control plots before treated plots (see also 2 and 3).

2. Contamination

It is vital to avoid any contamination with the pesticide under study or with other chemicals during sampling, transportation or subsequent operations. Special attention should, therefore, be paid to the following:

· Ensure that sampling tools and bags are clean. To avoid contamination use new bags and containers of suitable size and adequate strength. The bags or containers should be made of materials which will not interfere with the analysis.

· Avoid contamination of the sample by hands and clothes which may have been in contact with pesticides.

· Do not allow the samples to come into contact with containers or equipment (including vehicles) that have been used for transporting or storing pesticides.

· Avoid sampling at the plot borders because the residue deposit may not be representative⁷.

· Take special care to avoid contamination when commercial mechanical harvesting practices are used (see also 4.3.3.1, 4.3.4 and 4.3.5).

· Avoid cross-contamination of crop and soil samples.

· Sampling should proceed from the control to the lowest treatment and so on to the highest treatment.

⁷ The possibility of spray drift or overlap, especially where the plot is small and particularly when various pesticides and dosages are applied to adjacent areas should be considered and avoided when the experimental plots are marked.

3. Control Samples

Control samples are in every way as important as samples from test plots. The quality of control samples should be similar to that of the test samples, e.g. maturity of fruit, type of foliage, etc.

Always take control samples. In decline studies of up to 14 days' duration, control samples from the start and from the end of the study may suffice (see also 4.1).

4. Sampling in Decline Studies and at Normal Harvest Time

Representative and valid sampling protocols might be different for decline studies and residue trials at normal harvest time.

4.1 Sampling in Decline Studies

The first sampling may take place on the day of application. These samples have to be taken immediately after application or, in the case of spray application, immediately after the spray has dried (approx. 2 hours).

· Take great care to avoid contamination.

· Take samples so as to be representative of the average size or weight of crop on the plot.

4.2 Sampling at Normal Harvest Time

· Take samples so as to be representative of typical harvesting practice.

· Avoid taking diseased or undersized crop parts or commodities at a stage when they would not normally be harvested.

4.3 Detailed Sampling Procedures

The following recommendations refer to the sampling of mature crops at normal harvest time, unless otherwise stated. The classification of the crops is contained in Section 2 of Codex Alimentarius Volume 2A.

4.3.1 Fruits and Tree Nuts

· Circle each tree or bush and select fruit from all segments of the tree or plant, high and low, exposed and protected by foliage. For small fruits grown in a row, select fruit from both sides, but not within 1 metre of the end of the row.

· Select the quantity of the fruit according to its density on the tree or plant, i.e. take more from the heavily-laden parts.

· Take both large and small fruits where appropriate, but not so small or damaged that they could not be sold (except when taking immature samples for a residue decline study).

· Take samples of fruit juices, cider and wine in a manner reflecting common practice.

Table V.1 Sampling of fruits

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Citrus fruits e.g. orange, lemon, mandarin, pomelo, grapefruit, clementine, tangelo, tangerine	Group 001
Pome fruits e.g. apples, pears, quinces, medlars	Group 002	12 fruits from several places on 4 individual trees.
Large stone fruit e.g. apricots, nectarines, peaches, plums	Group 003	(If this produces a sample weight of less than 2 kg, more fruit should be taken to yield a 2 kg sample)
Miscellaneous fruit e.g. avocados, guavas, mangoes, papayas, pomegranates, persimmons, kiwifruit, litchi	Group 006
Small stone fruit e.g. cherries	Group 003	1 kg from several places on 4 trees
Grapes	FB 0269	12 bunches, or parts of 12 bunches, from separate vines to give at least 1 kg
Currants, raspberries and other small berries	Group 004	0.5 kg from 12 separate areas or bushes
Strawberries, Gooseberries	FB 0275,0276 FB 0268	1 kg from 12 separate areas or bushes
Miscellaneous small fruits e.g. olives, dates, figs	Group 005	1 kg from several places on 4 trees
Pineapples	Fl 0353	12 fruits
Bananas	Fl 0327	24 fruits. Take two fingers each from top, middle and lowest hand of four harvestable bunches
Tree nuts e.g. walnuts, chestnuts, almonds	Group 022	1 kg
Coconut	TN 0655	12 nuts
Fruit juices, wine, cider	Group 070	1 litre

4.3.2 Vegetables

4.3.2.1 Bulb vegetables, root vegetables, tuber vegetables:

· Take samples from all over the plot, excluding 1 metre at the edges of the plot and the ends of the rows. The number of sampling points depends on the sample size of the crop (see below).

· To provide a representative sample of the raw commodity, adhering soil may have to be removed. This may be done by brushing and, if necessary, gentle rinsing with cold running water.

· Trim off tops according to local agricultural practice. Details of any trimming should be recorded. Where the tops are not used as animal feed (carrots, potatoes) they should be discarded; otherwise (e.g. turnips, beets) they should be bagged separately.

Table V.2 Sampling of bulb, root and tuber vegetables

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Fodder beets, Sugar beets	AM 1051 VR 0596	12 plants
Potatoes VR 0589		12 tubers (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary, take a larger number to produce a 2 kg sample)
Other root crops e.g. carrots, red beet, Jerusalem artichoke, sweet potato, celeriac, turnip, swede, parsnip, horseradish, salsify, chicory, radish, scorzonera	Group 016	12 roots (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary, take a larger number to produce a 2 kg sample)
Leeks, Bulb onions	VA 0384 VA 0385	12 plants
Spring onions	VA 0389	24 plants (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary, take a larger number to produce a 2 kg sample)
Garlic, Shallots	VA 0381 VA 0388	12 bulbs from 12 plants, (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary, take a larger number to produce a 2 kg sample)

4.3.2.2 Brassica vegetables, leafy vegetables, stalk and stem vegetables, legume vegetables and fruiting vegetables:

· Take the sample from all parts of the plot, leaving 1 metre at the edges and ends of rows. The number of sampling points depends on the sample size of the crop (see below).

· Sample items of crops such as peas or beans protected from the spray by foliage and also from parts exposed to the spray.

· To provide a representative sample of the raw commodity, adhering soil may have to be removed. This may be done by brushing and, if necessary, gentle rinsing with cold running water.

· Do not trim except for the removal of obviously decomposed or withered leaves. Details of any trimming should be recorded.

The quantities to be taken are shown in Table V.3.

4.3.3 Grasses

4.3.3.1 Cereals

· If the plot is small, cut the whole yield.

· If the plot is large but mechanical harvesting is not carried out, cut not less than twelve short lengths of row chosen from all over the plot. Cut stalks 15 cm above the ground and remove the grain from the straw.

· Care should be taken to avoid contamination when mechanical methods are used to separate the parts of the crop. The operation is best carried out in the laboratory.

· If the plots are harvested mechanically, take not less than twelve grab samples of grain and/or straw from the harvester at uniform intervals over the plot.

· Do not sample within 1 metre of the edges of the plot.

4.3.3.2 Grasses, forage and animal feed:

· Cut with shears at normal harvest height (usually 5 cm above the ground) the vegetation from not less than twelve areas uniformly spaced over the entire plot, leaving 1 metre at the edges of the plot.

· Record height of cutting and avoid soil contamination.

· Crops which are harvested mechanically can be sampled from the harvester as it proceeds through the crop.

The quantities to be taken are shown in Table V.5.

4.3.3.3 Sugar cane (GS 0659)

Select whole canes from 12 areas of the plot and take short (e.g. 20 cm) sections from all parts of the length of the canes. Care is necessary owing to the rapid changes which normally occur in cane juices. If required, 1 litre samples of juice should be taken and frozen immediately and then shipped in cans.

Table V.3 Sampling of other vegetables

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Large Brassica crops e.g. cabbage, cauliflower, kohlrabi	Group 010	12 plants
Broccoli	VB 0400	1 kg from 12 plants
Brussels sprouts	VB 0402	1 kg from 12 plants. Buttons to be taken from at least two levels on each plant.
Cucumbers	VC 0424	12 fruits from 12 separate plants
Gherkins, courgettes, squash	Group p 011	12 fruits from 12 plants (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary take a larger number of fruit to produce a 2 kg sample)
Melons, gourds, pumpkins, watermelons8	Group Oil	12 fruits from 12 separate plants
Egg plants (aubergines)	VO 0440	12 fruits from 12 separate plants
Sweet corn	VO 0447	12 ears (the sample should weigh at least 2 kg -where necessary take a larger number of items to produce a 2 kg sample.)
Mushrooms	VO 0450	12 items (the sample should weigh at least 0.5 kg -where necessary take a larger number of items to produce a 0.5 kg sample)
Tomatoes, Peppers	VO 0448 VO 0051	24 fruits from small-fruiting varieties, 12 from large fruiting varieties. From 12 plants in all cases. (The sample should weigh a minimum of 2 kg - where necessary take a larger number of items to produce a 2 kg sample.)
Endivea	VL 0476	12 plants
Lettucea	VL 0482, VL 0483	12 plants
Spinacha, Chicory leavesa	VL 0502 VL 0469	1 kg from 12 plants
Kale	VL 0480	2 kg from 12 plants sampled from two levels on the plant
Small-leaf salad crops e.g. cress, dandelion, corn salad	Group 013	0.5 kg from 12 plants (or sites in plot)
Peas, Phaseolus beans e.g. French, kidney, runner	Group 014	1 kg (fresh green or dry seed as appropriate)
Pulses e.g. dried broad beans, field beans, lentils, soya beans	Group 015	1 kg
Celery	VS 0624	12 plants
Asparagus, Rhubarb	VS 0621 VS 0627	12 sticks from 12 separate plants.(the sample should weigh a minimum of 2 kg where necessary take a larger number of sticks to produce a 2 kg sample)
Globe artichoke	VS 0620	12 heads
Fodder crops	Groups 050, 051, 052	2 kg from 12 separate areas of plot. (Crops harvested mechanically can be sampled from the harvester as it proceeds through the crop.)
Oilseed e.g. rape seed, mustard seed, poppy seed	Group 023

Note: (a) also at immature stages during decline studies

⁸ In case of large crops, a sample consisting of 12 units could be 50-100 kg or more. In such cases the sample size may be reduced to 5 units which conforms with the sample size recommended by the CCPR for enforcement.

Table V.4 Sampling of cereals

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Cereal grains e.g. wheat, barley, oats, rye, triticale and other small grain cereals; maize (off the cob), rice, sorghum	Group 020	1 kg
Straw of the above crops	Group 051	0.5 kg
Maize straw, fodder and forage (mature plants excluding cobs)	AF 0645 (forage) AS 0645 (fodder)	12 plants. (Cut each stem into three equal lengths (with leaves attached). Take top portion from stems 1 to 4, middle portion from stems 5 to 8 and bottom portion from stems 9 to 12, thus ensuring that parts of all 12 stems are included in the sample.)
Green or silage maize	Group 051	12 plants. (Cut each stem and subsample as in previous item, retaining any cobs present on the appropriate portions of stem.)
Maize cobs	Group 051	12 ears. (The sample should weigh at least 2 kg - where necessary, take a larger number of ears to produce a 2 kg sample.)

Table V.5 Sampling of forage crops and animal feed

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Green forage/silage crops of alfalfa, clover, pea and bean forage, vetch, sainfoin, lotus, soya bean fodder and forage, rye forage, fodder cereals, sorghum forage	Group 050, 051	1 kg
Dry hay of the above crops	Group 050, 051	0.5 kg

4.3.4 Seeds

Use essentially the same technique as for cereals, taking samples of mature seed from at least twelve parts of the plot. Where the sample is harvested by hand, seed should normally be sent to the laboratory in the pod. Where mechanical harvesting is used, only the seed should normally be supplied.

Cotton seed (Codex Code No. SO 0691):

· Pick the cotton at the normal stage of harvesting. Take 1 kg, with or without fibre.

Peanuts (Codex Code No. SO 0697):

· Collect at the normal stage of harvesting. Take 1 kg.

Sesame seed, rape seed (Codex Code Nos. SO 0700, SO 0495):

· Collect the pods when they have reached the stage of maturity at which they are normally harvested. Take 0.5 kg.

Sunflower seed, safflower seed (Codex Code Nos. SO 0702, 0699):

· Where the sampling is done by hand select ripe heads. Where it is done mechanically submit the seed to the laboratory. Take 12 heads or 1 kg of seed.

Coffee and cacao beans (Codex Code Nos. SB 0716, 0715):

· Take samples in a manner reflecting common practice, quantity 1 kg. - The freshly harvested produce is not normally required.

4.3.5 Herbs and Spices; Tea Leaves; Hops; Beer

· Take samples in a manner reflecting common practice.

· The freshly harvested produce is not normally required for tea although herbs, such as parsley and chives, should be sampled fresh. In the case of hops, both fresh and dried cones should be supplied.

Table V.6 Sampling of Herbs and Spices; Tea Leaves; Hops and Beer

Commodity	Codex Code No.	Quantity, method of collection
Garden herbs and medicinal plants e.g. parsley, thyme	Group 027 Group 028 Group 057	0.5 kg fresh 0.2 kg dry
Teas (dry leaves)	Group 066	0.2 kg
Hops (dry cones)	DH 1100	0.5 kg
Beer		1 litre

5. Sampling processed commodities

Where a commodity is normally processed between harvest and marketing, for example by milling, pressing, fermentation, drying or extraction, data may be required on the processed crop or its products. Details of the processing method should be supplied with the samples together with storage and handling histories. In such cases, the trials should be designed to provide samples with appropriate residue levels so that the fate of residues can be studied during the processing. Sample separately any cleanings, husks or by-products which could be used for animal feed.

6. Sampling stored commodities

Supervised trials of post-harvest treatments of stored products should be carried out over a wide range of storage facilities, and the sampling technique must be carefully chosen if valid samples are to be obtained. Procedures for taking valid samples from most commodities in storage units are well established. Such procedures are acceptable in sampling for pesticide residue analysis and may be used if adequate references are given.

The sampling procedures are usually designed for three kinds of storage conditions.

6.1 Sampling from bulk

Obtaining a representative sample from a (large) bulk container (e.g. of cereal grains) is difficult: if possible, samples should be taken at frequent intervals from the stream during transfer into another container. A probe sample is not representative but may be acceptable if:

· it is possible to reach every part of the storage container; and

· a larger number of individual samples are taken before mixing and reducing to produce a final sample.

Pesticide residues are normally higher in the dust fraction and this should be recognised in the sampling procedure.

6.2 Sampling bagged commodities

Sampling of the commodity within a bag must be random. A representative sample from a large stack of bags can be obtained only if every bag is accessible. This is not always possible in practice and the alternative is to obtain a sample from a number of randomly chosen bags by probing. Since pesticide treatments are often directed to the surface of the bag, selective sampling to show the effect of the position of the bag in the stack and the penetration of the pesticide into the bag may be necessary.

6.3 Sampling fruit and vegetables in packing houses

Where post-harvest treatments are applied to fruit and vegetables in packing houses, an adequate number of samples must be taken to determine the range of residue levels resulting from variations in the treatment process. The effects on residue levels of concentration, temperature, duration of treatment, drying (after dip treatments) and subsequent handling may need to be considered.

Post-harvest treated fruit and vegetables should be kept in, or packed in, commercial containers or punnets and stored at ambient or cool-room temperature according to normal commercial practice. Samples should then be drawn for analysis from the commercial containers at suitable intervals representing the time expected between treatment and subsequent marketing. The rate of disappearance or degradation of some residues depends on whether the commodity is held in a sealed or partly sealed container or is open to the air.

The size of samples are the same as shown in Tables V. 1 - V.3.

7. Sample size reduction

Large samples cannot be handled economically, especially if freezing and long transport are involved. Take only that amount prescribed in the Study Plan.

Except cereal grains sampled on the conveyor belt or from the stream of material transferred from one large container to another, mixing of samples and sample size reduction at the field site is not recommended and should be avoided.

8. Sample packing and storage

Once packed and labelled, samples may be stored or immediately sent to the Residue Laboratory according to the nature of the sample, the stability of the residue and the kind of study undertaken.

It is important that packing and shipment are carried out in such a way that the samples arrive as soon as possible (normally within 24-36 hours) after being taken and without change of any kind, e.g. deterioration, physical damage, contamination, loss of residue, or change in moisture content.

Storage and shipping should always be under deep-frozen conditions.

8.1 Packing

8.1.1 Containers

Individual samples should be placed in suitable containers, e.g. heavy polyethylene bags, and then put inside additional heavy paper bags and, where necessary, frozen or refrigerated as soon as possible after sampling according to the nature of the chemical involved. Polyethylene bags alone may become brittle in contact with dry ice and therefore there is a risk of breakage and subsequent loss of the sample.

Avoid other plastic containers, or plastic-lined caps, unless made of "Teflon" or other inert plastic which does not interfere with the analytical method; laboratories have frequently experienced such interference, and PVC bags should be avoided. If cans are used, they should first be checked to demonstrate the absence of materials such as oil films, lacquers or resin from soldered joints that could interfere with analyses.

Glass containers should be used for liquid samples and should be thoroughly cleaned and rinsed with one or more suitable pesticide-free solvent such as acetone, isopropyl alcohol or hexane, and dried before use. Pesticides can migrate to the walls of a container and be adsorbed; hence even a glass container, after the sample is poured out, should be rinsed with solvent if the extraction is not made in the container itself.

In summary, any type of container or wrapping material should be checked before use for possible interference with the analytical method and at the limit of determination of the analysis.

Fasten boxes securely with strong twine, rope or tape.

8.1.2 Shipment of samples

Non-perishable commodities containing residues that are known to be stable over the period required to reach the laboratory can be shipped in a non-frozen state, but samples should be protected against any effects which might cause degradation or contamination.

Where samples need to be frozen, use shipping containers of polystyrene foam, if available, as they are excellent for this purpose. If not available, use two cardboard boxes of slightly different size with insulation between. Proper insulation is essential to ensure samples arrive at the residue laboratory still frozen. Sufficient dry ice must be used for some to remain when samples are received at the residue laboratory. This usually requires a minimum of one kg of dry ice per kg of sample. For journeys lasting more than two days, two kg of dry ice or more per kg of sample may be required. Poorly insulated containers require more dry ice. Use caution in handling dry ice (gloves and ventilated work area). Packages must of course comply with transport regulations.

Frozen samples must never be allowed to thaw, either before or during shipment. They must be shipped under conditions that permit their arrival at the residue laboratory still solidly frozen.

Advise the consignee by telegram or telex of the full details of shipment of samples, including shipping document numbers and flight numbers, so that delay in delivery to the laboratory is avoided.

When samples have to be shipped across national boundaries, quarantine regulations must be observed and appropriate permits obtained well in advance of dispatching samples.

8.2 Labels and records

Label each sample with the appropriate sample identification. The label and ink should be such that the writing will not be illegible if the label becomes wet. Attach the label securely so that it cannot come loose during shipment, and place the label so that it will not become wet from condensation.

Complete the Sampling Report (residue data sheets) clearly and accurately with all the requested trial details. Failure to do so may mean that data will not be acceptable. The completed sheets should be protected by enclosing them in protective polythene bags which should be sent with the sample. Duplicate sheets should be kept by the sender.

Use a label on the outside of the shipping container stating the following:

"Perishable Goods: Deliver immediately upon arrival" and 'This material is not fit for human consumption".

8.3 Sample reception and handling

Immediately upon arrival of the samples, the Residue Laboratory personnel should:

- Verify that the copy of the Sampling Report is included with the samples.

- Check and report on the condition of the samples.

- Check to see that the samples match the details of the Sampling Report.

- Check the Sampling Report for accuracy (especially the rate and interval data) and verify that the information is complete.

- Check the Sampling Report to determine whether any special treatment or testing is indicated.

If there are any deviations of any consequence, or the Sampling Report is not received or is incomplete (in such a way that a proper comparison is not possible), the samples should be stored in the simplest form that will preserve the residue and the crop. The trial organiser should then be contacted immediately to determine how to proceed.

Note: it is dangerous to put packages containing dry ice into deep freeze.

8.4 Storage

Samples should be analysed as quickly as possible after collection before physical and chemical changes occur. If prolonged storage is unavoidable, it is usually preferable to store the samples at a low temperature, preferably at or below -20°C. This removes the residue from contact with enzymes which might degrade the pesticide and also prevents further possibility of residues being "bound" in the tissue. Do not store samples (whole or homogenised) for analysis unless an adequate check has been made on the stability of the residue. Fumigant residue samples need special attention and ideally should be analysed immediately on receipt at the laboratory. Storage at -20°C is likely to be inadequate to prevent loss of fumigant residues.

Studies of the stability of residues in samples, over the time and at the temperature of storage, should be carried out with representative pesticides and substrates. When there is doubt about the stability of residues in storage, spiked control samples should be held under the same conditions as the samples or extracts.

Light degrades many pesticides; it is therefore advisable to protect the sample and any solutions or extracts from needless exposure. Samples other than water should ordinarily be stored in a freezer, preferably at -20°C or below. Even then, physical and chemical changes may occur either in the sample or in the residues sought. Extended storage in freezers can cause moisture to migrate to the surface of the sample then to the freezer coils, slowly desiccating the sample. This effect may be of importance if water content affects the subsequent analysis and can affect the calculated residue concentration. Water samples should be stored slightly above freezing to avoid rupture of the container as a result of freezing.

Appendix VI. PORTION OF COMMODITIES TO WHICH CODEX MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS APPLY AND WHICH IS ANALYSED⁹

⁹ Extracted from Codex Alimentarius Vol. 2A

INTRODUCTION

Codex Maximum Residue Limits are in most cases stated in terms of a specific whole raw agricultural commodity as it moves in international trade. In some instances, a qualification is included that describes the part of the raw agricultural commodity to which the maximum residue limit applies, for example, almonds on a shell-free basis and beans without pods. In other instances, such qualifications are not provided. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the portion of the raw agricultural commodity to which the MRL applies and which is to be prepared as the analytical sample for the determination of pesticide residues is as described in the following table.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES		PORTION OF COMMODITY TO WHICH THE CODEX MRL APPLIES (AND WHICH Is ANALYSED)
Group 1 - ROOT AND TUBER VEGETABLES (Codex Classification10 Group 016: Root and tuber vegetables)
Root and tuber vegetables are starchy foods derived from the enlarged solid roots, tubers, corms or rhizomes, mostly subterranean, of various species of plants. The entire vegetable may be consumed.
Root and Tuber vegetables:		Whole commodity after removing tops. Wash the roots or tubers in cold running water, brushing gently with a soft brush to remove loose soil and debris, if necessary, and then dab lightly with clean tissue paper to dry. For carrots, after drying the tops are carefully cut off with a knife by cutting through the bottom of the stem at the lowest point of attachment of the outer petioles. If an annulus of root tissue is thereby severed from hollow-crown roots, the material should be re-combined with the roots.
Beets carrots celeriac parsnips potatoes radishes	rutabagas sugar beets sweet potatoes turnips yams
Group 2 - BULB VEGETABLES (Codex Classification Group: 009 Bulb vegetables)
Bulb vegetables are pungent, flavourful foods derived from the fleshy scale bulbs or growth buds of alliums of the lily family (Liliaceae). The entire bulb may be consumed following removal of the parchment-like skin.		Remove adhering soil (e.g. by rinsing in running water or by gentle brushing of the dry commodity)
Bulb vegetables:		Bulb/dry onions and garlic: Whole commodity after removal of roots and whatever parchment skin is easily detached. Leeks and spring onions: Whole vegetable after removal of roots and adhering soil.
garlic leeks	onions spring onions
Group 3 - LEAFY VEGETABLES (EXCEPT BRASSICA VEGETABLES) (Does not correspond to Codex Classification Group 013: Leafy vegetables (including Brassica leafy vegetables))
Leafy vegetables (except Group 4 vegetables) are foods derived from the leaves of a wide variety of edible plants including leafy parts of Group 1 vegetables. The entire leaf may be consumed. Leafy vegetables of the brassica family are grouped separately.
Leafy vegetables:		Whole commodity after removal of obviously decomposed or withered leaves.
beet leaves corn salad endive lettuce	radish leaves spinach sugar beet leaves Swiss chard
Group 4 - BRASSICA (COLE) LEAFY VEGETABLES (Does not correspond to Codex Classification Group 010: Brassica vegetables)
Brassica (cole) leafy vegetables are foods derived from the leafy parts, stems and immature inflorescences of plants commonly known and botanically classified as brassicas and also known as cole vegetables. The entire vegetable may be consumed.
Brassica leafy vegetables:		Whole commodity after removal of obviously decomposed or withered leaves. For cauliflower and headed broccoli analyse flower head and stems, discarding leaves; for Brussels sprouts analyse "buttons" only.
broccoli Brussels sprouts cabbage cabbage, Chinese cabbage, red cabbage, Savoy	cauliflower collards kales kohlrabi mustard greens
Group 5 - STEM VEGETABLES (Codex Classification Group 017: Stalk and stem vegetables)
Stem vegetables are foods derived from the edible stems or shoots of a variety of plants.
Stem vegetables:		Whole commodity after removal of obviously decomposed or withered leaves. Rhubarb and asparagus: stems only. Celery and asparagus: remove adhering soil (e.g. by rinsing in running water or by gentle brushing of the dry commodity).
artichoke celery	chicory (witloof) rhubarb
Group 6 - LEGUME VEGETABLES (Codex Classification Group 014: Legume vegetables Group 015: Pulses)
Legume vegetables are derived from the dried or succulent seeds and immature pods or leguminous plants commonly known as beans and peas. Succulent forms may be consumed as whole pods or as the shelled product. Legume fodder is in Group 18.
Legume vegetables:		Whole commodity.
beans broad beans dwarf beans French beans green beans kidney beans Lima beans	navy beans runner beans snap beans soybeans peas cow peas sugar peas
Group 7 - FRUITING VEGETABLES - EDIBLE PEEL (Combination of Codex Classification Groups Oil: Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits; 012 Fruiting vegetables other than Cucurbits)
Fruiting vegetables - edible peel are derived from the immature or mature fruits of various plants, usually annual vines or bushes. The entire fruiting vegetables may be consumed.
Fruiting vegetables - edible peel:		Whole commodity after removal of stems.
cucumber egg plant gherkin okra	pepper summer squash tomato mushroom11
Group 8 - FRUITING VEGETABLES - INEDIBLE PEEL (Codex Classification Group Oil Fruiting vegetables. Cucurbits)
Fruiting vegetables - inedible peel:		Whole commodity after removal of stems.
cantaloupe melon pumpkin	squash watermelon winter squash
Group 9 - CITRUS FRUITS (Codex Classification Group 001 Citrus fruits)
Citrus fruits are produced by trees of the Rutaceae family and are characterized by aromatic oily peel, globular form and interior segments of juice-filled vesicles. The fruit is fully exposed to pesticides during the growing season. The fruit pulp may be consumed in succulent form and as a beverage. The entire fruit may be used for preserving.
Group 8 - FRUITING VEGETABLES - INEDIBLE PEEL (Codex Classification Group Oil Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits)
Fruiting vegetables - inedible peel:		Whole commodity after removal of stems.
cantaloupe melon pumpkin	squash watermelon winter squash
Group 9 - CITRUS FRUITS (Codex Classification Group 001 Citrus fruits)
Citrus fruits are produced by trees of the Rutaceae family and are characterized by aromatic oily peel, globular form and interior segments of juice-filled vesicles. The fruit is fully exposed to pesticides during the growing season. The fruit pulp may be consumed in succulent form and as a beverage. The entire fruit may be used for preserving.
Citrus fruits:		Whole commodity.
Group 10 - POME FRUITS (Codex Classification Group 002 Pome fruits)
Pome fruits are produced by trees related to the genus Pyrus of the rose family (Rosaceae). They are characterized by fleshy tissue surrounding a core consisting of parchment-like carpels enclosing the seed. The entire fruit, except the core, may be consumed in the succulent form or after processing.
Pome fruits:		Whole commodity after removal of stems.
apple pear	quince
Group 11 - STONE FRUITS (Codex Classification Group 003 Stone fruits)
Stone fruits are produced by trees related to the genus Prunus of the rose family (Rosaceae) characterized by fleshy tissue surrounding a single hard-shelled seed. The entire fruit, except seed, may be consumed in a succulent or processed form.
Stone fruits:		Whole commodity after removal of stems and stones but the residue calculated and expressed on the whole commodity without stem.
apricots cherries sour cherries sweet cherries	nectarines peaches plums
Group 12 - SMALL FRUITS AND BERRIES (Codex Classification Group 004: Berries and other small fruits)
Small fruits and berries are derived from a variety of plants whose fruit is characterized by a high surface-weight ratio. The entire fruit, often including seed, may be consumed in a succulent or processed form.
Small fruits and berries:		Whole commodity after removal of caps and stems. Currants: fruit with stems.
blackberries blueberries boysenberries cranberries currants dewberries	gooseberries grapes loganberries raspberries strawberries
Group 13 - ASSORTED FRUITS - EDIBLE PEEL (Codex Classification Group 005: Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - edible peel)
Assorted fruits - edible peel are derived from the immature or mature fruits of a variety of plants, usually shrubs or trees from tropical or subtropical regions. The whole fruit may be consumed in a succulent or processed form.
Assorted fruits - edible peel:		Dates and olives: whole commodity after removal of stems and stones but residue calculated and expressed on the whole fruit. Figs: Whole commodity.
dates figs	olives
Group 14 - ASSORTED FRUITS - INEDIBLE PEEL (Codex Classification Group 006: Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - inedible peel)
Assorted fruits - inedible peel are derived from the immature or mature fruits of different kinds of plants, usually shrubs or trees from tropical or subtropical regions. Edible portion is protected by skin, peel or husk. Fruit may be consumed in a fresh or processed form.
Assorted fruits - inedible peel:		Whole commodity unless qualified. Pineapples: after removal of crown. Avocado and mangoes: whole commodity after removal of stone but calculated on whole fruit. Bananas: after removal of crown tissue and stalks.
avocados bananas guavas kiwi fruit	mangoes papayas passion fruits pineapples
Group 15 - CEREAL GRAINS (Codex Classification Group 020: Cereal grains)
Cereal grains are derived from the clusters of starchy seeds produced by a variety of plants primarily of the grass family (Gramineae). Husks are removed before consumption.
Cereal grains:		Whole commodity. Fresh corn and sweet corn: kernels plus cob without husk.
barley maize oats rice	rye sorghum sweet corn wheat
Group 16 - STALK AND STEM CROPS (Codex Classification Group 051: Straw, fodder and forage of cereal grains and grasses)
Stalk and stem crops are various kinds of plants, mostly of the grass family (Gramineae) cultivated extensively as animal feed and for the production of sugar. Stems and stalks used for animal feeds are consumed as succulent forage, silage, or as dried fodder or hay. Sugar crops are processed.
Stalk and stem crops:		Whole commodity.
barley fodder and straw grass fodders	maize fodder sorghum fodder
Group 17 - LEGUME OILSEEDS (Part of Codex Classification Group 023: Nuts and seeds)
Legume oilseeds are mature seeds from legumes cultivated for processing into edible vegetable oil or for direct use as human food.
Legume oilseeds:		Whole kernel after removal of shell.
peanuts
Group 18 - LEGUME ANIMAL FEEDS (Codex Classification Group 050: Legume animal feeds)
Legume animal feeds are various species of legumes used for animal forage, grazing, fodder, hay or silage with or without seed. Legume animal feeds are consumed as succulent forage or as dried fodder or hay.
Legume and animal feeds:		Whole commodity.
alfalfa fodder bean fodder clover fodder	peanut fodder pea fodder soybean fodder
Group 19 - TREE NUTS (Codex Classification Group 022: Tree nuts)
Tree nuts are the seeds of a variety of trees and shrubs which are characterized by a hard, inedible shell enclosing an oil seed. The edible portion of the nut is consumed in succulent, dried or processed form.
Tree nuts:		Whole commodity after removal of shell. Chestnuts: whole in skin.
almonds chestnuts filberts	macadamia nuts pecans walnuts
Group 20 - OILSEED (Codex Classification Group 23: Nuts and seeds)
Oilseed consists of the seed from a variety of plants used in the production of edible vegetable oils. Some important vegetable oilseeds are by-products of fibre or fruit crops.
Oilseed:		Whole commodity.
cottonseed linseed rapeseed	safflowerseed sunflowerseed
Group 21 - TROPICAL SEEDS (Codex Classification Group 024: Seed for beverages and sweets)
Tropical seeds consist of the seeds from several tropical and semitropical trees and shrubs mostly used in the production of beverages and confections. Tropical seeds are consumed after processing.
Tropical seeds:		Whole commodity.
cacao beans	coffee beans
Group 22 - HERBS (Codex Classification Group 027: Herbs)
Herbs consist of leaves, stems and roots from a variety of herbaceous plants used in relatively small amounts to flavour other foods. They are consumed in succulent or dried form as components of other foods.
Herbs:		Whole commodity.
Group 23 - SPICES (Codex Classification Group 028: Spices)
Spices consist of aromatic seeds, roots, fruits and berries from a variety of plants used in relatively small amounts to flavour other foods. They are consumed primarily in the dried form as components of other foods.
Spices:		Whole commodity.
Group 24 - TEAS (Codex Classification Group 066: Teas)
Teas are derived from the leaves of several plants, but principally Camellia sinensis. They are used in the preparation of infusions for consumption as stimulating beverages. They are consumed as extracts of the dried or processed product.
Teas:		Whole commodity.
Group 25 - MEATS (Codex Classification Group 030: Meet)
Meats are the muscular tissue, including adhering fatty tissue, from animal carcasses prepared for wholesale distribution. The entire product may be consumed.
Meats: carcass meat (and carcass fat) carcass meat of cattle carcass meat of goats carcass meat of horses carcass meat of pigs carcass meat of sheep		Whole commodity. (For fat soluble pesticides a portion of carcass fat is analysed and MRLs apply to carcass fat.)12
Group 26 - ANIMAL FATS (Codex Classification Group 031: Mammalian fats)
Animal fats are the rendered or extracted fat from the fatty tissue of animals. The entire product may be consumed.
Animal fats:		Whole commodity.
cattle fat pig fat	sheep fat
Group 27 - MEAT BYPRODUCTS (Codex Classification Group 0032: Edible offal (mammalian))
Meat byproducts are edible tissues and organs, other than meat and animal fat, from slaughtered animals as prepared for wholesale distribution. Examples: liver, kidney, tongue, heart. The entire product may be consumed.
Meat byproducts (such as liver, kidney, etc.): cattle meat byproducts goat meat byproducts pig meat byproducts sheep meat byproducts		Whole commodity.
Group 28 - MILKS (Codex Classification Group 033: Milks)
Milks are the mammary secretions of various species of lactating herbivorous ruminant animals, usually domesticated. The entire product may be consumed.
Milks:13		Whole commodity. For fat-soluble compounds a portion of the fat is analysed but the residue is expressed on a whole commodity basis on the assumption that milk contains 4% fat.
Group 29 - MILK FATS (Codex Classification Group 086: Milk fats)
Milk fats are the fats rendered or extracted from milk.
Milk fats:		Whole commodity.
Group 30 - POULTRY MEATS (Codex Classification Group 036: Poultry meat)
Poultry meats are the muscular tissues, including adhering fat and skin, from poultry carcasses as prepared for wholesale distribution. The entire product may be consumed.
Poultry Meats:		Whole commodity. (For fat soluble pesticides a portion of carcass fat is analysed and MRLs apply to carcass fat.)
Group 31 - POULTRY FATS (Codex Classification Group 037: Poultry fat)
Poultry fats are the rendered or extracted fats from fatty tissues of poultry. The entire product may be consumed.
Poultry fats:		Whole commodity.
Group 32 - POULTRY BYPRODUCTS (Codex Classification Group 038: Poultry, edible offal of)
Poultry byproducts are edible tissue and organs, other than poultry meat and poultry fat, from slaughtered poultry.
Poultry byproducts:		Whole commodity.
Group 33 - EGGS (Codex Classification Group 039: Eggs)
Eggs are the fresh edible portion of the reproductive body of several avian species. The edible portion includes egg white and egg yolk after removal of the shell.
Eggs:		Whole egg whites and yolks combined after removal of shells.

¹⁰ The number and categories of groups for portion of commodities do not always correspond to the grouping used by the current Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. The corresponding groups are given in brackets.

¹¹ Mushroom is not included in the commodities listed in the original document

¹² For milk and milk products regarding fat soluble pesticides see Section I of this Volume.

¹³ For milk and milk products regarding fat soluble pesticides see Section 1 of this Volume.

Appendix VII. STANDARDIZED FORMAT FOR ORGANIZING THE DATA DIRECTORY (INDEX) OF INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED FOR EVALUATION

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Volume number
1.1 Identity

1.2 Physical and chemical properties
1.2.1 Vapour pressure
Author, A.U. Year. Study Title. Study number. Company. (Volume)
1.2.2 Octanol-water partition coefficient
Author, A.B. Year. Study Title. Study number. Company. (Volume)
Author, C.D. Year. Study Title. Study number. Company. (Volume)

1.3 Formulations
Reference (author, etc.,)

2. METABOLISM AND ENVIRONMENT FATE

The following are suggested as the principal sub-headings; further topics (e.g. rotational crop studies) may be needed, depending on the pesticide under review. The proposed subdivisions are indicated under those headings where generally a number of reports for a range of commodities are provided.

2.1 Animal metabolism subdivided according to laboratory animal, livestock, poultry
Author, A.B. Year. Study Title. Study number. Company. (Volume)
Author, C.D. Year. Study Title. Study number. Company. (Volume)

2.2 Plant metabolism subdivided, where necessary, according to commodity
References (author etc.,) and volume numbers

2.3 Environmental fate in soil
References and volume numbers

2.4 Environmental fate in water/sediment systems
References and volume numbers

3. METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS

3.1 Analytical methods
Enforcement Methods
Specialized Methods
Subheadings by substrate (e.g. commodity, soil etc.) may be of use.
References and volume numbers

3.2 Stability of residues in stored analytical samples
Subdivided, where necessary, according to commodity
References and volume numbers

3.3 Residue definition

4. USE PATTERN
Volume number
List of crops for which Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) information is available, the relevant country(ies) (listed alphabetically), and whether labels will be available.

5. RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS
Subheadings by commodity organized according to the Codex Classification
This section should include animal (livestock and poultry) transfer studies.

Citrus fruits
lemons
References and volume numbers
oranges
References and volume numbers
tangelos
References and volume numbers

Pome fruits
apples
References and volume numbers
pears
References and volume numbers

6. FATE OF RESIDUES IN STORAGE AND PROCESSING

6.1 In storage
Subdivided, where necessary, according to commodity.
References and volume numbers

6.2 In processing
Subdivided, where necessary, according to commodity
References and volume numbers

6.3 Residues in the edible portions of food commodities

Reference(s) and Volume number

7. RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION

References and volume numbers

8. NATIONAL RESIDUE LIMITS

Volume number
A list of the countries for which this information is available should be included.

Format for references:

In each section the references should be in hierarchical preferential order of 1) author's name alphabetically, 2) year, 3) study number. The year is the year of publication of the study (or project) in the residue evaluations. The study (or project) number and company name should be related, i.e. if the study number quoted is that of the contracted laboratory, the contracted laboratory's name should be given in the reference, not the name of the sponsoring company.

Fischer, R., and Schulze, E.-F. 1983a. The effect of Hoe 02782 O F AT202 (fentin acetate, active ingredient 96.4%) on Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) in a static test. Hoechst Pfl. Fo. Biol., Germany Rep. OEK 83 001E. Unpublished.

Fischer, R., and Schulze, E.-F. 1983b. The effect of Hoe 29664 O F AT205 (fentin hydroxide, active ingredient 97.0%) on Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) in a static test. Hoechst Pfl. Fo. Biol., Germany Rep. OEK 83 028E. Unpublished.

Gildemeister, H., Bürkle, W.L. and Sochor, H. 1985. Hoe 029664-14-C. Anaerobic soil metabolism study with the fungicide triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH). Hoechst Analyt. Labor., Germany Rep (B) 221/85. Unpublished.

MacDougall, D. 1964. Guthion. In: Zweig, G., Analytical Methods for Pesticides, Plant Growth Regulators and Food Additives, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, London.

Meagher, W.R., Adams, J.M., Anderson, C.A. and MacDougall, D. 1960. Colorimetric determination of Guthion residues in crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 8, 282-6

Appendix VIII. PESTICIDE INFORMATION FOR CCPR WORKING GROUP ON PRIORITIES¹⁴

¹⁴ This information is to be provided by Codex member countries for inclusion of a pesticide in the Codex Priority List.

for evaluation _____
for re-evaluation _____

1.	NAME:
2.	STRUCTURAL FORMULA:
3.	CHEMICAL NAME:
4.	TRADE NAME:
5.	NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF BASIC PRODUCERS:
6.	JUSTIFICATION FOR USE:
7.	USES:	MAJOR
		MINOR
8.	COMMODITIES MOVING IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND LEVELS OF RESIDUES:
9.	COUNTRIES WHERE PESTICIDE IS REGISTERED:
10.	NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS:
11.	COMMODITIES FOR WHICH THE NEED FOR ESTABLISHING CODEX MRLs ARE RECOGNIZED:
12.	MAJOR INTERNATIONAL USE PATTERN:
13.	LIST OF DATA (TOXICOLOGY, METABOLISM, RESIDUE) AVAILABLE:
14.	DATE DATA COULD BE SUBMITTED TO THE JMPR:
15.	PROPOSAL FOR INCLUSION SUBMITTED BY (COUNTRY):

Appendix IX. MAXIMUM PROPORTION OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN ANIMAL FEED

Table 1. Raw agricultural commodities and feedstuff derived from crop (US data)

Crop	Raw Agricultural Commodity	Processed Commodity	Percent of Livestock Diet (1,2)
			Feedstuff	% DM (3)	Beef Cattle	Dairy Cattle	Poultry	Swine
Alfafa (4)	forage hay seed (5)		forage	35	70	60	NU (6)	NU
			hay	89	70	60	NU	NU
			meal (7)	89	25	50	10	10
			silage (8)	40	70	60	NU	NU
Almond	nutmeat hulls		hulls	90	10	10	NU	NU
Apple	fruit	pomace, wet juice	pomace, wet	40	40	20	NU	NU
Barley (9)	grain (10)	pearled barley	grain (10)	88	50	40	75	80
	hay	flour	hay	88	25	60	NU	NU
	straw	bran	straw	89	10	60	NU	NU
Beet, sugar	root	sugar, refined (11)	tops (leaves)	23	20	10	NU	NU
	tops (leaves)	pulp, dried	pulp, dried	88	20	20	NU	NU
		molasses	molasses	75	10	10	NU	NU
Canola	seed	meal oil, refined	meal	88	15	15	15	15
Carrot	root		culls (12)	12	25	25	NU	10
Citrus	fruit, whole	pulp, dried oil juice	pulp, dried	91	20	20	NU	NU
Clover (13)	forage hay		forage	30	30	60	NU	NU
			hay	89	30	60	NU	NU
			silage (14)	30	30	60	NU	NU
Corn, field	grain starch (18)	wet milling: oil, refined	grain	88	80	40	80	80
	forage		forage (15)	40	40	50	NU	NU
	stover (16) grits flour	dry milling: meal oil, refined	stover (16)	83	25	15	NU	NU
	aspirated grain fractions (17)		aspirated grain fractions (17)	85	20	20	NU	20
			milled by-products (19)	85	50	25	60	75
Corn, pop	grain		grain	88	80	40	80	40
	stover (16)		stover (16)	85	25	15	NU	NU
Corn, sweet (20)	sweet corn, K + CWHR (21)		forage (22)	48	40	50	NU	NU
	stover (16)		cannery waste (23)	30	35	20	NU	NU
	forage (22)		stover (16)	83	25	15	NU	NU
Cotton	undelinted seed	meal	undelinted seed	88	25	25	NU	NU
	cotton gin byproducts (24)	hulls	cotton gin byproducts (24)	90	20	20	NU	NU
		oil, refined	meal	89	15	15	20	15
Cotton			hulls	90	20	15	NU	NU
Cowpea (25)	seed		seed	88	20	20	10	50
	hay		hay	86	40	40	NU	NU
	forage		forage	30	40	40	NU	15
Crownvetch (26)	forage		forage	30	20	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	90	20	60	NU	NU
Flax	seed	meal	meal	88	10	10	30	10
Grass (pasture & rangeland) (27)	forage		forage	25	60	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	88	60	60	NU	NU
			silage (28)	40	60	60	NU	NU
Lespedeza (29)	forage		forage	22	20	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	88	20	60	NU	NU
Lupin	seed		seed	88	20	20	15	20
Millet (30)	grain (31)	flour (33)	grain (31)	88	50	40	70	75
	forage		forage	30	25	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	85	25	60	NU	NU
	straw (32)		straw (32)	90	10	10	NU	NU
Oats (34)	grain (10)	flour	grain (10)	89	50	40	80	80
	forage	groats/rolled oats	forage	30	25	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	90	25	60	NU	NU
	straw		straw	90	10	10	NU	NU
Pea, field (35)	seed		seed	90	20	20	20	20
	vines		vines	25	25	50	NU	NU
	hay		hay	88	25	50	NU	NU
			silage (36)	40	25	50	NU	NU
Peanut	nutmeat	meal	meal	85	15	15	25	15
	hay (37)	oil, refined	hay (37) (R) (38)	85	25	50	NU	NU
Pineapple	fruit	process residue (39) juice	process residue (39)	25	30	20	NU	NU
Potato	tuber	granules/flakes (40)	culls	20	75	40	NU	50
		chips peel, wet	processed potato waste (41)	15	75	40	NU	NU
Rape	seed	meal (42)	meal	88	15	15	15	15
	forage		forage	30	30	30	NU	NU
Rice (43)	grain (10)	polished rice	grain (10)	88	40	40	60	65
	straw	hulls	straw	90	10	10	NU	NU
		bran	hulls	90	10	10	15	NU
			bran	90	15	15	25	15
Rye (44)	grain (45)	flour	grain (45)	88	40	40	50	80
	forage	bran	forage	30	25	60	NU	NU
Rye	straw		straw	88	10	10	NU	NU
Safflower	seed	meal oil, refined	meal	91	10	10	25	25
Sorghum, grain	grain	flour (46)	grain	86	40	40	80	90
	forage (15)		forage (15)	35	40	50	NU	NU
	stover (16)		stover (16)	88	25	15	NU	NU
	aspirated grain fractions (17)		aspirated grain fractions (17)	85	20	20	NU	20
Soybean (47)	seed	meal	seed	89	15	15	20	25
	forage	hulls	forage (R) (38)	35	30	30	NU	NU
	hay	oil, refined	hay (R) (38)	85	30	30	NU	NU
	aspirated grain fractions (17)		aspirated grain fractions (17)	85	20	20	NU	20
			meal	92	15	15	40	25
			hulls	90	20	20	20	NU
			silage (48)	30	30	30	NU	NU
Sugarcane (49)	cane	molasses (50) sugar, refined (11)	molasses (50)	75	10	10	NU	NU
Sunflower	seed	meal oil (refined)	meal	92	15	15	30	20
Trefoil (51)	forage		forage	30	20	60	NU	10
	hay		hay	85	20	60	NU	NU
Turnip	root		root	15	75	20	NU	40
	tops (leaves		tops (leaves	30	50	30	NU	NU
Vetch (52)	forage		forage	30	20	60	NU	NU
	hay		hay	85	20	60	NU	NU
Wheat (53) (54)	grain (45)	bran	grain (45)	89	50	40	80	80
	forage	flour	forage	25	25	60	NU	NU
	hay	middlings	hay	88	25	60	NU	NU
	straw	shorts	straw	88	10	10	NU	NU
	aspirated grain fractions (17)	germ	aspirated grain fractions (17)	85	20	20	NU	NU
			milled byproducts (55)	88	40	50	50	50

(ii) Table notes. The following notes are referenced in the table.

(1) Percent of Livestock Diet. For percentages of feedstuffs in livestock diets other than those listed here, contact one of the Chemistry Branches, Health Effects Division, Mail Code 7509C, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M. St. S.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA.

(2) Percent of Livestock Diet. Maximum percent of diet on a dry-weight basis for finishing beef and lactating dairy cattle, and on an as-fed basis for poultry and finishing swine (hogs).

(3) % DM (percentage dry matter). For beef and dairy feedstuffs, the percentage of moisture should be reported for representative samples of raw agricultural and processed commodities.

(4) Alfalfa. Residue data are needed from a minimum of three cuttings, unless climatic conditions restrict the number of cuttings. Cut sample at late bud to early bloom stage (first cut), and/or at early (one-tenth) bloom stage (later cuts).

(5) Alfalfa seed. For registered uses on alfalfa grown for seed, residue data should be provided on seed, forage and hay; for all other uses data should only be provided on forage and hay.

(6) NU. Not used or a minor feedstuff (less than 10 percent of livestock diet).

(7) Alfalfa meal. Residue data are not needed for meal; however, the meal should be included in the livestock diet, using the hay tolerance level. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(8) Alfalfa silage. Residue data on silage are optional, but are desirable for assessment of dietary exposure. Cut at late bud to one-tenth bloom stage for alfalfa, allow to wilt to approximately 60 percent moisture, then chop fine, pack tight, and allow to ferment for three weeks maximum in an air-tight environment until it reaches Ph 4. This applies both to silage and haylage. In the absence of silage data, residues in forage will be used for silage, with correction for dry matter.

(9) Barley hay. Cut when the grain is in the milk to soft dough stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Barley straw. Plant residue (dried stalks or stems with leaves) left after the grain has been harvested (threshed).

(10) Barley, grain, oat grain and rice grain. Kernel (caryopsis) plus hull (lemma and palea).

(11) Beet, sugar. Residue data may be applied for raw sugar or refined sugar, or both raw and refined. Sugarcane. Residue data may be supplied in the same manner.

(12) Carrot culls. Data for raw agricultural commodities will cover residue on culls.

(13) Clover forage. Cut sample at the 4-8 inch to pre-bloom stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Clover hay. Cut at early to full bloom stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Residue data for clover seeds are not needed.

(14) Clover silage. Residue data on silage are optional, but are desirable for assessment of dietary exposure. Cut sample at early to one-fourth bloom for clover, allow to wilt to approximately 60 percent moisture, then chop fine, pack tight, and allow to ferment for 3 weeks maximum in an air-tight environment until it reaches Ph 4. This applies to both silage and haylage. In the absence of silage data, residues in forage will be used for silage, with correction for dry matter,

(15) Field corn forage. Cut sample (whole aerial portion of the plant) at late dough/early dent stage (black ring/layer stage for corn only). Sorghum forage. Cut sample (whole aerial portion of the plant) at soft dough to hard dough stage. Forage samples should be analyzed as is, or may be analyzed after ensiling for 3 weeks maximum, and reaching Ph 5 or less, with correction for dry matter.

(16) Corn stover. Mature dried stalks from which the grain or whole ear (cob + grain) have been removed; containing 80 to 85 percent DM. Sorghum stover. Mature dried stalks from which the grain has been removed; containing approximately 85 percent DM.

(17) Aspirated grain fractions (previously called grain dust). Dust collected at grain elevators for environmental and safety reasons. Residue data should be provided for any post-harvest use on corn, sorghum, soybeans or wheat). For a pre-harvest use after the reproduction stage beings and seed heads are formed, data are needed unless residues in the grain are less than the limit of quantitation of the analytical method. For a pre-harvest use during the vegetative stage (before the reproduction stage beings), data will not normally be needed unless the plant metabolism or processing study sows a concentration of residues of regulatory concern in an outer seed coat (e.g. wheat bran, soybean hulls).

(18) Corn starch. Residue data for starch will be used for corn syrup. Petitions may also provide data on syrup for a more accurate assessment of dietary exposure.

(19) Corn milled byproducts. Use residue data for corn dry-milled processed commodities having the highest residues, excluding oils.

(20) Sweet corn. Residue data on early sampled field corn should suffice to provide residue data on sweet corn, provided the residue data are generated at the milk stage on kernel plus cob with husk removed and there are adequate numbers of trials and geographical representation from the sweet corn growing regions.

(21) Sweet corn (K + CWHR). Kernels plus cob with husks removed.

(22) Sweet corn forage. Samples should be taken when sweet corn is normally harvested for fresh market, and may or may not include the ears. Petitioners may analyze the freshly cut samples, or may analyze the ensiled samples after ensiling for 3 weeks maximum, and reaching pH 5 or less, with correction for percent dry matter.

(23) Sweet corn cannery waste. Includes husks, leaves, cobs and kernels. Residue data for forage will be used for sweet corn cannery waste.

(24) Cotton gin byproducts (commonly called gin trash). Include the plant residues from ginning cotton, and consist of burrs, leaves, stems, lint, immature seeds, and sand and/or dirt. Cotton must be harvested by commercial equipment (stripper and mechanical picker) to provide an adequate representation of plant residue for the ginning process. At least three field trials for each type of harvesting (stripper and picker) are needed, for a total of six field trials.

(25) Cowpea forage. Cut sample at 6 inch to pre-bloom stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Cowpea hay. Cut when pods are one-half to fully mature. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(26) Crownvetch forage. Cut sample at 6 inch to pre-bloom stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Crownvetch hay. Cut at full bloom stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(27) Grass. Zero day crop field residue data for grasses cut for forage should be provided unless it is not feasible, e.g. pre-plant/pre-emergent pesticide uses. A reasonable interval before cutting for hay is allowed. Grass forage. Cut sample at 6-8 inch to boot stage, at approximately 25 percent DM. Grass hay. Cut in boot stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Grasses include barnyardgrass, bentgrass, Bermudagrass, Kentucky bluegrass, big bluestem, smooth bromegrass, buffalograss, reed canarygrass, crabgrass, cupgrass, dallisgrass, sand dropseed, meadow foxtail, eastern gramagrass, side-oats grama, guineagrass, Indiangrass, Johnsongrass, lovegrass, napiergrass, oatgrass, orchardgrass, pangolagrass, redtop, Italian ryegrass, sprangleton, squirreltailgrass, stargrass, switchgrass, timothy, crested wheatgrass, and wildryegrass. Also included are sudangrass and sorghum forages and their hybrids. For grass grown for seed only, PGIs (pre-grazing intervals) and (pre-harvest intervals) are acceptable. Residue data may be based on the regrowth after harvesting the seed.

(28) Grass silage. Residue data on silage are optional, but are desirable for assessment of dietary exposure. Cut sample at boot to early head stage, allow to wilt to 55-65 percent moisture, then chop fine, pack tight, and allow to ferment for 3 weeks maximum in an air-tight environment until it reaches pH 4. In the absence of silage data, residues in forage will be used for silage, with correction for dry matter.

(29) Lespedeza forage. Cut sample at 4-6 inch to pre-bloom stage, at 20-25 percent DM. Lespedeza hay: Annual/Korean. Cut at early blossom to full bloom stage. Sericea. Cut when 12-15 inches tall. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10-20 percent.

(30) Millet forage. Cut sample at 10 inches to early boot stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Millet hay. Cut at early boot stage or approximately 40 inches tall, whichever is reached first. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Millet includes pearl millet.

(31) Millet grain. Kernel plus hull (lemma and palea). Pearl millet. Kernel with hull (lemma and palea) removed.

(32) Millet straw. Data are required for proso millet only. Proso millet straw. Plant residue (dried stalks or stems with leaves) left after the grain has been harvested.

(33) Millet flour. Not produced significantly in the United States for human consumption. Residue data are not needed at this time.

(34) Oats forage. Cut sample between tillering to stem elongation (jointing) stage. Oats hay. Cut sample from early flower to soft dough stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Oats straw. Cut plant residue (dried stalks or stems with leaves) left after the grain has been harvested (threshed).

(35) Pea, field. Does not include the canning field pea cultivars used in human food. Includes cultivars grown for livestock feeding only such as Austrian winter pea. Field pea vines. Cut sample anytime after pods begin to form, at approximately 25 percent DM. Field pea hay. Succulent plant cut from full bloom through pod formation. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(36) Pea, field, silage. Use field pea vine residue data for field pea silage with correction for dry matter.

(37) Peanut hay. Peanut hay consists of the dried vines and leaves left after the mechanical harvesting of peanuts from vines that have been sun-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(38) (R): Label restrictions against feeding may be allowed, e.g. Do not feed green immature growing plants to livestock, or Do not harvest for livestock feed.

(39) Pineapple process residue (also known as wet bran). A wet waste byproduct from the fresh-cut product line that includes pineapple tops (minus crown), bottoms, peels, any trimmings with peel cut up, and the pulp (left after squeezing for juice); it can include culls.

(40) Potato granules/flakes. Residue data may be provided for either.

(41) Potato processed waste. Tolerance levels for wet peel should be used for dietary burden calculations. Residue data may be provided from actual processed potato waste generated using a pilot or commercial scale process that gives the highest percentage of wet peel in the waste.

(42) Rapeseed meal. Residue data are not needed for rapeseed oil since it is produced for industrial uses and is not an edible oil. The edible is only produced from canola (See canola).

(43) Rice straw. Stubble (basal portion of the stems) left standing after harvesting the grain.

(44) Rye forage. Cut sample at 6-8 inch stage to stem elongation (jointing) stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Rye straw. Cut plant residue (dried stalks or stems with leaves) left after the grain has been harvested (threshed).

(45) Rye grain or wheat grain. Kernel (caryopsis) with hull (lemma and palea) removed.

(46) Sorghum flour. Residue data are not needed at this time since sorghum flour is used exclusively in the United States as a component for drywall, and not as either a human food or a feedstuff. However, because 50 percent of the worldwide sorghum production goes toward human consumption, data may be needed at a later date.

(47) Soybean forage. Cut samples at 6-8 inches tall (sixth node) to beginning pod formation, at approximately 35 percent DM. Soybean hay. Cut samples at mid-to-full bloom stage and before bottom leaves begin to fall or when pods are approximately 50 percent developed. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(48) Soybean silage. Residue data on silage are optional. Harvest sample when pods are one-half to fully mature (full pod stage). In the absence of silage data, residues in forage will be used for silage, with correction for dry matter.

(49) Sugarcane bagasse. Information indicates that sugarcane bagasse is mainly used for fuel. Residue data will not be needed at this stage, but may be needed at a later date.

(50) Sugarcane molasses. Residue data are needed for blackstrap molasses.

(51) Trefoil forage. Cut sample at 5-10 inch or early bloom stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Trefoil hay. Cut at first flower to full bloom. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent.

(52) Vetch forage. Cut sample at 6 inch to pre-bloom stage, at approximately 30 percent DM. Vetch hay. Cut at early bloom stage to when seeds in the lower half of the plant are approximately 50 percent developed. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Vetch does not include.

(53) Wheat forage. Cut sample at 6-8 inch stage to stem elongation (jointing) stage, at approximately 25 percent DM. Wheat hay. Cut samples at early flower (boot) to soft dough stage. Hay should be field-dried to a moisture content of 10 to 20 percent. Wheat straw. Cut plant residue (dried stalks or stems with leaves) left after the grain has been harvested (threshed).

(54) Wheat. Includes emmer wheat emmer wheat and triticale. No processing study is needed for a specific tolerance on emmer wheat.

(55) Wheat milled byproducts. Use highest value for wheat middlings, bran and shorts.

(n) References. The following references should be consulted for additional background material on this test guideline.

(1) Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Re-registration Rejection Rate Analysis-Residue Chemistry; Follow-up Guidance for: Generating Storage Stability Data; Submission of Raw Data; Maximum Theoretical Concentration Factors; Flowchart Diagrams. EPA Report No. 737-R-93-001, February 1993.

(2) Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Re-registration Rejection Rate Analysis-Residue Chemistry; Follow-up Guidance for: Updated Livestock Feeds Tables; Aspirated Grain Fractions (Grain Dust); A Tolerance Perspective; Calculating Livestock Dietary Exposure; Number and Location of Domestic Crop Field Trials. EPA Report No. 737-K-94-001, June 1994.

(3) Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Re-registration Rejection Rate Analysis-Residue Chemistry. EPA Report No. 738-R-92-001, June 1992.

(4) Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Accelerated Re-registration-Phase 3 Technical Guidance. EPA Report No. 540/09-90-078, December 1989.

(5) Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticide Regulation Rejection (PR) Notice, tolerance Enforcement Methods-Independent Laboratory Confirmation by Petitioner, February 7, 1996.

Appendix X. JMPR MANUAL FOR FAO PANEL MEMBERS

INTRODUCTION

The format and language of JMPR evaluations and reports have evolved over the lifetime of the CCPR-JMPR system. One aim of this evolution has been to make it easier for readers to find the information they are seeking expressed in a clear and consistent way.

The purpose of this manual is to assist members of the FAO Panel to prepare documents for the Meeting in a consistent format. It may also be useful to people preparing submissions for review by the FAO Panel. The manual is not intended to deal with the evaluation process or to provide guidance on the estimation of maximum residue levels. Documents prepared in the correct format assist JMPR members to digest information quickly, and after the Meeting make it easier for the editor to produce final copy for publication.

1. General

Please produce documents on a word-processor with a standard program. Use WordPerfect 5.1 or Word 6.0 if possible; failing that, an earlier version of WinWord.

References to key combinations such as (Shift-F8, 1, 9) in the following text refer to those used in WordPerfect 5.1.

Please bring both floppy disks and hard copy to the Meeting.

It is very helpful if one copy of the draft monograph can be produced single-sided with the text 1½- or double-spaced for editing. Tables can be single-spaced.

Try to insert all codes for pagination, font, page numbering, etc. at the start of the document and avoid repeating them unless a temporary change is needed. Such codes scattered about in the body of the text can make editing difficult.

Introduce line-numbering (Shift-F8, 1, 5) into all documents for discussion. The line numbers assist people to find parts of the document to be discussed.

2. Format

The text of the final report and evaluations will be printed in a 12 cpi (characters per inch) font, so please use this size if you have it.

Left/right margins should be 1 inch (2.5 cm) and top/bottom margins 0.5 inch. Lines should be fully justified, with widow/orphan protection (Shift-F8, 1, 9).

Tabs for general text should be set at half-inch (12.5 mm) intervals. If tabs are needed in tables they should be re-set so that a single tab, not a series of tabs, separates sections.

The first line of a paragraph immediately following a heading should begin at the left-hand margin. The first line of subsequent paragraphs should be indented one tab, as in this manual.

A page header should be introduced on the top left of each page of the document to show the title of the document, for example: PHORATE Evaluation, or PHORATE Report, or RESIDUES IN FEEDS Report.

3. Page numbering

Please set page numbering (Shift-F8, 2, 6) to "Top centre". (The document will automatically begin on page 1. Do not set either a specific "New page number" or "No page numbers".)

4. Tables

Please insert tables in their intended positions in the text or thereabouts, not at the end of the monograph. Although it is customary to collect tables at the end of articles for publication in journals, different considerations apply to the production of camera-ready copy. It makes editing quicker and easier if tables are in their correct position in the text.

Please always use the WordPerfect or Word Tables program if possible. It is the easiest way to create tables and makes them much easier to edit. It is an ideal format for such tables as lists of recommendations and Annex I, which are likely to be changed several times, because lines can be added or deleted easily and quickly without affecting the structure of the table. See for examples Annex I of the 1995 report and the RECOMMENDATIONS sections of the Evaluations 1995.

Generally, separate items of information should be recorded in separate cells of tables. For example, in tables of recommendations, the Codex Commodity Number and the Codex commodity description should be in separate cells of the row. It is particularly desirable that separate lines of tables are in separate rows of cells. WordPerfect will not divide cells when moving to a new page, so a cell that is several lines deep can cause problems in tables occupying more than one page.

WordPerfect normally creates tables divided into individual cells with lines round them. If you don not want the lines you can delete them, but it makes editing easier if you leave them in and add a note asking the editor to delete them. In particular, do not join cells vertically (as distinct from deleting lines separating them): this causes the same problems as cells that are several lines deep.

Always use the portrait (vertical) rather than the landscape (horizontal) layout for tables if possible. Quite wide tables can be accommodated vertically by reducing the typeface to 15-17 cpi or by using the WordPerfect "Fine" or "Small" attribute (Ctrl-F8, 3 or 4). For examples see 1991 Evaluations, Azinphos-methyl Tables 1, 3; Parathion Tables 4,7, 10 etc. Please at all costs keep to the standard margins. Tables which occupy the full width of a page can be very difficult to edit.

Please do not include the caption of a table as a header within the table itself: it forces the same caption to appear on subsequent pages and thus makes it difficult for the reader to find the beginning of a long table.

It is generally better not to construct a table covering several pages as a series of separate single-page tables. This usually produces a number of partly-filled pages.

5. Diagrams

These will usually be hand-drawn or photocopies provided by manufacturers, but WordPerfect accepts diagrams drawn with Windows 3.0 or 3.1. If hand-drawn, WordPerfect can draw accurately-positioned horizontal and vertical lines of any chosen length, so diagrams will look neater if you connect the items in them by WP lines rather than drawing angled lines by hand. For examples see 1991 Evaluations, Cadusafos Figure 1 (p. 198); Glufosinate-ammonium Figure 1 (p. 420).

6. References

References to unpublished reports, journals and books should be listed alphabetically in the form shown in the examples below.

REFERENCES [bold, centred, caps]

Fischer, R. and Schulze, E.-F. 1983a. The effect of Hoe 02782 OF AT202 (fentin acetate, active ingredient 96.4%) on Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) in a static test. Hoechst Pfl. Fo. Biol., Germany. Rep. OEK 83 001E. Unpublished.

Fischer, R. and Schulze, E.-F. 1983b. The effect of Hoe 29664 OF AT205 (fentin hydroxide, active ingredient 97.0%) on Salmo gairdneri (Rainbow trout) in a static test. Hoechst Pfl. Fo. Biol., Germany. Rep. OEK 83/028E. Unpublished.

Gildemeister, H., Bürkle, W.L. and Sochor, H. 1985. Hoe 029664-14-C. Anaerobic soil metabolism study with the fungicide triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH). Hoechst Analyt. Labor., Germany. Rep. (B) 221/85. Unpublished.

MacDougall, D. 1964. Guthion. In: Zweig, G., Analytical Methods for Pesticides, Plant Growth Regulators and Food Additives, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York, London.

Meagher, W.R., Adams, J.M., Anderson, C.A. and MacDougall, D. 1960. Colorimetric determination of Guthion residues in crops. J. Agric. Food Chem. 8, 282-6.

Notes:

(1) Inclusive pagination should be shown as, e.g., 282-6 rather than 282-286.
(2) Citations in the text should name both of two authors, but only the first of three or more. Thus if the first three references above were quoted together in the text the citation should be (Fischer and Schulze, 1983a,b; Gildemeister et al., 1985). Note the form of et al. (italics, with stop after al).
(3) If there are two or more multi-author works with the same first author in the same year, the year should be followed by "a", "b" etc., even if the co-authors are different, e.g.:

Rogers, E., Tufts, K. and Westberg, G.L. 1989a. Determination of ethylene thiourea in crops. Method MTF-88AM-004. Morse Laboratories, Inc., USA. Unpublished.

Rogers, E., Tufts, K., Normington, S. and Westberg, G.L. 1989b. Determination of ethylene thiourea in meat. Method ETU-89AM-004. Morse Laboratories, Inc., USA. Unpublished.

Rogers, E., Normington, S., 1989c. Determination of ethylene thiourea in tomato. Method ETU-89AM-005. Morse Laboratories, Inc., USA. Unpublished.
The above publications should be quoted in the text as:
(Rogers, E., et al, 1989a., Rogers, E., et al., 1989b, and Rogers, E., Normington, S., 1989c.)

7. A residue evaluation (draft monograph)

The format of an FAO Panel residue evaluation is shown in Annex 1. The use of capitals, centre and side headings, bold and underlining should follow this format.

When a compound is evaluated for the first time, replace the EXPLANATION section (Annex 1) by the IDENTITY section (Annex 2). When a periodic review compound is evaluated, add the IDENTITY section after EXPLANATION.

7.1. Explanation

Provide a very brief history of the compound in the introductory sentence, for example: "Folpet was first evaluated in 1969 and has been reviewed several times since, most recently in 1984, 1986 and 1987....." If a question was raised at the CCPR refer to the Session number and year, e.g. .. "at the 23rd (1991) Session of the CCPR it was suggested (ALINORM 91/24A, para ...)"

If the compound is being reviewed in the CCPR periodic review programme, state this in the first paragraph, for example: "Parathion-methyl, originally evaluated by the JMPR in 1965 and re-evaluated for residues several times up to 1984, is included in the CCPR periodic review programme."

Mention briefly previous JMPR requests for further information if relevant to the topic. Summarize the information available to the Meeting. State that information was supplied by (list of countries) and the basic manufacturers. Do not include company names.

For new and periodic review compounds, state explicitly whether information was or was not provided on critical supporting studies (metabolism, animal transfer, processing, analytical methods, freezer storage stability).

7.2. Draft evaluation

Prepare a draft evaluation for the Meeting containing all the sections listed in Annex 1 except APPRAISAL, RECOMMENDATIONS and FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION, which are assembled as a separate draft document (See Section 8, Draft appraisal).

In the top right-hand comer of the first page give the year, the author's name and the draft number. A reference number and a word-processing filename will be assigned to the compound at the Meeting. The reference number should then be added after the year (FAO/94/ref no.). Add the extension .EV1 to the filename to show that it is draft 1 of the evaluation. The filename will consist of the pesticide name or an abbreviation of it with not more than 8 letters (the maximum allowed in a filename). The layout is shown below.

FAO/94/..
AUTHOR
FILENAME.EV1
DRAFT 1

Avoid trade names in the description and table of use patterns; give the composition and formulation type, e.g. 100 g/kg WP, 200 g/l EC. Use CIPAC abbreviations for formulation types (see Appendix III).

Animal metabolism (including farm animal metabolism) studies appear in the METABOLISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE section. For a new compound animal metabolism studies should be available to both the FAO Panel and the WHO Group. Metabolism in laboratory animals, normally rats, should be reviewed from the FAO Panel perspective. It should provide information which helps in the interpretation of farm animal metabolism and transfer studies. This information includes rates and pathways of excretion, identity and relative abundance of metabolites, and possible target organs for residues. Animal metabolism studies are sometimes supplied to the WHO Group only; the FAO Panel reviewer should specifically request these studies for a new compound or a periodic review compound if they have not been provided.

Animal metabolism studies can usefully be introduced with a paragraph which acts as a checklist of the information to be recorded.

Tissue, egg and excreta residues were measured in laying hens (groups of 5, each bird weighing 1.0-1.4 kg) dosed orally for 7 days by capsule with radiolabelled mancozeb ([¹⁴C]ethylenediamine) equivalent to 3, 14 or 36 ppm mancozeb in the feed (study reference). The feed intake was 88-96 g/bird/day. Eggs and excreta were collected throughout, and birds were slaughtered 24 hours after the final dose for tissue collection.

Examine the animal metabolism in terms of the requirements for animal transfer studies (see section 3.1.5.1 of the Manual). Draw conclusions from the animal metabolism which will assist interpretation of the animal transfer studies. Make statements about bioaccumulation and possible target tissues for residues.

A paragraph which acts as a checklist for experimental details can also be used to introduce plant metabolism studies.

A tomato crop was treated with radiolabelled mancozeb ([¹⁴C]ethylenediamine) at 2.7 kg ai/ha, on nine occasions at approximately weekly intervals, and ripe tomatoes were harvested 5 days after the final treatment (study reference).

Draw conclusions from the plant metabolism studies which assist interpretation of the residue trials. State whether the residues are on the surface or within the tissues. Describe the mobility of the residues within the crop and say whether transfer from foliage to fruit, root or other edible portion is likely. Draw attention to any plant metabolite which is not also an animal metabolite.

Explain the basis for proposed residue definitions under the section 'Residue Definition' within METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS. The explanation would normally take into account metabolism of the compound, practical regulatory analytical methods and other matters. The opinion of the WHO Expert Group should be sought on the toxicological importance of some metabolites. Conclude the section with statements of the residue definitions.

Definition of the residue (for compliance with MRL):...................

Definition of the residue (for estimation of dietary intake):...............................

Tables of residue data should generally be in the same order as commodities in the Codex Commodity Classification. The general order is fruits, vegetables, grasses, nuts and seeds, herbs and spices, feed commodities. Each commodity type should be further divided if the amount of information is large. The Codex order should generally be preserved, for example citrus fruits, pome fruits, stone fruits, berries and other small fruits, etc.

Where there are many residue tables, it is useful to list them at the beginning of the RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS section, in numerical order.

Interpretation of the residue data should generally be in the APPRAISAL section of the evaluation rather than in RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS. The RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS section should contain details which are not readily included in the tables but are still needed to assess the validity and relative importance of the results, for example the intervals between spray applications, the number of replicate plots, whether samples are replicates from the same or different plots or merely replicate analyses of the same sample, the size of plots, growing season, method of application, irrigation and, in animal trials and transfer studies, animal weights and ages. The reviewer's judgement is required to decide which details could influence the residues or the validity of the trials.

Include animal transfer studies in the section RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS. Animal transfer studies use unlabelled compounds to establish the relationship between the levels of the residues in the feed and likely residues in tissues, milk and eggs.

Animal transfer studies can again be introduced by a paragraph which acts as a checklist of the information.

Groups of 10 laying hens (each bird weighing 1.0-1.3 kg) were fed aged mancozeb residues at nominal levels of 5, 15 and 50 ppm (1×, 3× and 10×) in the diet for 28 days (study reference). Eggs were collected each day for analysis. On day 29 six hens from each group were slaughtered for tissue collection. The remaining hens from each group were placed on a residue-free diet and slaughtered on days 36 and 43. Birds consumed 130 g feed each per day.

7.3. Table of GAP (Good agricultural practices or Approved uses)

Comparison of GAP with conditions in the supervised trials is a necessary part of the evaluation process. The table of GAP should be prepared in such a way that it allows easy comparison with supervised trials conditions. If at all possible fit the table to the normal portrait page rather than changing to landscape (See also Section 4, Tables).

The first column in the table should list the crops, and all uses on each crop should be brought together. This facilitates evaluation of the residue data. Other columns in the table should list countries (in alphabetical order), application (number, rate, spray concentration) and PHI. Note that this is the general case and there is often a need for further information such as formulation, details of the use pattern (e.g. furrow treatment, seed treatment), crop growth stage, grazing withdrawal, etc. Listing by country was the practice in earlier monographs, but listing by crop is better for residue data evaluation.

An example is provided below.

Table 2. Registered uses of folpet on vegetables and cereals.

Crop	Country	Form	Application1				PHI, days
			Method	Rate kg ai/ha	Spray cone, kg ai/hl	Number
Barley	France			1.5			21
Beans	Greece	WP	foliar	0.6-1.5	0.1-0.25	3-4	7
Beans	Portugal	WP	foliar		0.13	1-2	7
Beans, green	Spain	WP	foliar	1.6	0.16		21
Brassica vegetables	Italy	WP	foliar	0.35-0.40			10
Lettuce	France	WP	foliar	0.64			21-412
Lettuce	Israel3	WP	foliar	2.0		weekly	11

¹ g: glasshouse use.
² Summer PHI 21 days, winter PHI 41 days.
³ proposed registration.

Remarks can be added as footnotes, as in the example.

Suggested abbreviations for footnotes to the GAP table are:

a:	aerial application
fg:	field and glasshouse use
g:	glasshouse use only
gs:	growth stage restriction
Po:	post-harvest use
pr:	proposed registration
st:	seed treatment
t:	table grapes only
w:	wine grapes only

If there are many uses it may be wise to split them into separate tables for fruits, vegetables, etc. If there are very large numbers of uses it may be necessary to establish separate tables for different groups of fruits, vegetables, etc., arranged according to the Codex Classification. Individual crops within the chosen groupings should be arranged in alphabetical order.

Submissions to the JMPR often include the PHI in the table of national MRLs. The PHI is a part of GAP and should be included with other GAP information.

Use the following units for application rates and spray concentrations; note that abbreviations are without full stops:

field treatment	kg ai/ha
grain treatment, post-harvest	g ai/t
furrow treatment	g ai/m
space fumigation	g ai/m3
spray concentration	kg ai/hl

7.4. Tables of residue data

Express residue concentrations as mg/kg.

Deal with commodities in the order of the "Types" in the Codex Classification of Foods and Feeds, namely Fruits, Vegetables,..., and within the types in the order of the groups Citrus fruits, Pome fruits, Stone fruits, etc. A systematic and consistent presentation of data in a standardized order will make it easier for the reader to find information in a large evaluation, and assists Panel members to find the relevant data for discussion during the Joint Meeting.

Tables of residues resulting from supervised trials should be carefully prepared in such a way as to assist evaluations. (See also Section 4, Tables).

The table caption should be clear and comprehensive. It should normally mention the compound and the crops or crop groups, and indicate that the residues were found in supervised trials. If all the trials took place in one country or one year or with one formulation type it is better to put the information in the caption rather than use a column in the table. See, e.g., 1991 Evaluations, Azinphos-methyl Tables 6, 9a (pp. 17, 19).

Please always use the portrait, not landscape, format for residue tables. It is never necessary to use landscape if the sampling intervals are arranged vertically, and rarely necessary even if they are arranged horizontally (See also Section 4, Tables). Use the "Header" function in the "Table edit" mode (Alt-F7, 4) to ensure that the table header appears at the top of each page of a multi-page table.

Space can be saved by using the first column of the table for three categories of information which cannot be confused, as shown below. The year is the year of the trial rather than the year of the report. Include references or study numbers in residue tables. It is important to identify the source of any reported data.

CROP Country, year	Application	Residues	Reference
BROCCOLI
Germany, 1976			PBH360/77
Netherlands, 1980			RL401-90NL
CABBAGES, HEAD
Canada, 1986			8013.86a
Germany, 1978			PBJ287/78

"Application" should normally include the formulation, the number of applications, and both the rate of application (kg ai/ha) and spray concentration (kg ai/hl), as shown below.

Application
Form	No	kg ai/ha	kg ai/hl

The intervals after the final application at which the residues were found should be arranged in rows or columns to suit the set of trials. If metabolite residues are also reported, the table should be arranged so that it is quite clear which metabolite concentration relates to which parent concentration. Examples are given below of possible arrangements of the residues section of the table.

Residues, mg/kg, after PHI, days.
0	4	7	14	21

Day	Residues, mg/kg1
	Compound	Metabolite
0	1.3, 2.2	0.56, 0.85
4	1.1, 0.43	0.63, 0.31
7	0.76, 0.68	0.44, 0.10
14	0.14, 0.24	<0.05, 0.07
21	0.06, <0.05	<0.05, <0.05

¹ Underlined residues are from treatments according to GAP

Report individual residues as far as possible. If results are grouped avoid wide PHI ranges. If there are a number of values at the same level they can be recorded as <0.05 (7), where there are 7 values of<0.05 mg/kg.

Underline residues resulting from treatments within GAP and double underline those which have been selected for estimation of STMR, but wherever such underlining is used its meaning must be explained in a footnote, a note in the table caption, or a note in the introduction to the tables. This is very helpful for people assessing the results, particularly when the tables are extensive, and allows other Panel members to see where the reviewer has judged data to be within or outside GAP.

Round numbers in tables to a practical level, usually 2 significant figures. A formulation concentration should be reported as 250 g ai/kg, not 250.00 g ai/kg. Residues should be reported as 0.36 and 4.5 mg/kg, not 0.363 and 4.47 mg/kg.

Near the LOD (limit of determination) rounding to 1 significant figure is recommended. For example, if the LOD is 0.05 mg/kg, report residue data from 0.05 to 0.09 mg/kg to 1 significant figure.

Avoid abbreviations if they make the table difficult to understand. If an abbreviation is unlikely to be familiar to readers and is not in the list of abbreviations at the beginning of the reports and evaluations, explain its meaning in a footnote.

Common specialized abbreviations which do not need explanation are:

MRL	maximum residue limit (especially Codex Draft Maximum Residue Limit; cf CXL below)
GAP	good agricultural practice(s)
ADI	acceptable daily intake
TMDI	theoretical maximum daily intake
LOD	limit of determination
CXL	Codex Maximum Residue Limit (a Codex Draft Maximum Residue Limit becomes a CXL after its adoption by the Codex Alimentarius Commission)
STMR	supervised trials median residue
STMR-P	supervised trials median residue, processed commodity
kg ai/ha	kilograms active ingredient per hectare
kg ai/hl	kilograms active ingredient per hectolitre
mg/kg	milligrams per kilogram
g ai/t	grams active ingredient per tonne
g ai/m	grams active ingredient per metre
g ai/m3	grams active ingredient per cubic metre

Note that the above abbreviations, and those of names of countries and organizations, are printed without stops (thus also UK, USA, FAO, CCPR) but general abbreviations in common use have stops (c., e.g., etc., i.e., viz.). Consult the list at the beginning of recent JMPR Reports and Residue Evaluations for the correct form of abbreviations. Note the form of et al. (italics, with full stop after al).

Convert non-metric units to metric. Convert lb ai/acre to kg ai/ha, formulation concentration % to g/kg or g/l, residue concentration ppm to mg/kg, but express feed concentrations of active ingredients in feeding trials as ppm. This convention is used to avoid confusion between mg/kg feed and mg/kg body weight.

Use Codex commodity descriptions if possible (Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds in FAO/WHO, 1997).

7.5. Processing studies

Set out tables carefully so that it is absolutely clear which sample is derived from which in the processing. Indicate the scale of the process by the weight of commodity processed. Note any problems with sampling or analysis. Provide a brief description of the field treatments in the trial and state the application rate in the study with respect to the maximum label rate (e.g. 5×label rate).

Some commercial processes are quite complex. It may be useful to provide a flow diagram to explain the process. See 1991 Evaluations, Parathion, Figures 1-5 (pp. 556-564).

A copy of the section on processing studies, including the estimated processing factors and residues in the edible portion of food commodities, should be sent to reach the WHO Joint Secretary by the end of August of the current year. See also Section 13, Actions before the Meeting.

7.6. National Maximum Residue Limits

It will usually be necessary to summarize the information in a table. Do not include PHIs in this table.

The normal column headings will be Country, Commodity, MRL. Footnotes or an extra column will be required if countries are using different residue definitions.

8. Draft appraisal

The APPRAISAL section of the monograph, together with the FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION and RECOMMENDATIONS, is prepared as a separate document for intensive discussion at the meeting. It contains the logic and a full explanation for each recommendation.

In the top right-hand side of the first page give the year, the author's name, the word-processor filename and the draft number as shown below. Add the extension .API to the filename to show that it is draft 1 of the appraisal. Add the reference number as in the draft evaluation. Annex 3 shows the format for a draft appraisal.

FAO/94/
AUTHOR
FILENAME.AP1
DRAFT 1

Line-numbering of the document assists discussion at the Meeting. Introduce line-numbering to the draft report using the Format function (Shift-F8, 1, 5). Early drafts should be in 1½ spacing.

Briefly explain the reasons for the review and summarize the information available. The subject order in the appraisal should generally follow the order in the evaluation.

Do not include tables in the text of the appraisal. Side headings should also generally not be used. When an appraisal is extensive and deals with many commodities, crops and animals, it is helpful to underline the commodity name the first time it appears in each paragraph.

Provide in full the interpretation used to estimate a maximum residue level. Explain extrapolations, comparability and any conditions of use, crop characteristics etc. which influence the interpretation. As an example the following paragraph states the relevant use pattern on the crop, the number of trials and country to match the use pattern and the residue data selected for estimating STMRs in rank order. The concluding paragraph on this commodity states explicitly the recommended MRL and STMR and includes the residue expressions according to the relevant residue definitions.

The UK use pattern on strawberries allows thiram application of 1.6 kg ai/ha beginning at white bud burst, with repeals at 7-10 day intervals and a PHI of 7 days. Seven strawberry trials in Belgium were evaluated against the UK use pattern. The highest thiram residues (median underlined) in each trial within range of the UK use pattern were: 1.4, 1.4, 2.1, 2.1. 2.4, 2.8 and 3.1 mg/kg. The highest residue, 3.1 mg/kg as thiram, is equivalent to 2.0 mg/kg dithiocarbamates as CS₂.

The Meeting estimated a maximum residue level of 5 mg/kg for dithiocarbamates (as CS₂) in strawberry arising from the use of thiram. The Meeting estimated an STMR of 2.1 mg/kg for thiram (as thiram) on strawberry.

Examples of other concluding sentences are:

The Meeting agreed to withdraw the recommendations for cherries (1 mg/kg), peaches (3 mg/kg) and plums (1 mg/kg).

The Meeting estimated a maximum residue level for sweet corn of 0.1 * mg/kg as being a practical limit of determination.

The Meeting estimated a maximum residue level of 1 mg/kg for carrots to replace the previous recommendation (0.5 mg/kg).

The Meeting agreed to withdraw the previous recommendation for citrus fruits (5 mg/kg), to be replaced by recommendations for oranges (1 mg/kg) and mandarins (2 mg/kg).

The Meeting agreed to maintain the current recommendation of 0.2 mg/kg for potatoes.

The format of an Appraisal, with RECOMMENDATIONS and FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION, is shown in Annex 3.

8.1. Recommendations

List commodities with MRL and STMR recommendations alphabetically in the RECOMMENDATIONS Table followed by processed commodities with STMR-P recommendations.

The Recommendations table for periodic review compounds should include all current MRLs. The table will then show whether each MRL is maintained, amended or withdrawn.

Any recommendations to withdraw MRLs should be entered in the table of Recommendations, which will be reproduced in Annex I to the report, and not merely mentioned as a recommendation in the text. A statement such as "the Meeting recommended the withdrawal of the MRL for pome fruits" is easily missed when Annex I is being compiled.

8.2. Further work or information

The items listed as required or desirable should be numbered if there is more than one.

Required

All items listed as required should have a year proposed as the due date. Choose 2 years from the current Meeting as the due date in the absence of other information, e.g. a definite commitment by a country or company to provide information by a nominated date.

Each item listed as required should be tied to a TMRL. If the required information is not supplied by the due date, the Meeting can then recommend withdrawal of the TMRL.

TMRLs are generally not introduced for new compounds or periodic review compounds. Their use should be kept to a minimum.

Desirable

Information requested as desirable is not vital to the continued existence of MRLs, but is requested because it may assist in an explanation, support an extrapolation or provide a more complete data base.

9. Draft report

A decision has been made to restrict the length of Section 4 of the JMPR Report on residue aspects of compounds. An example of the material to be included and the format of such a report are given in Annex 4. In reports on compounds other than new compounds the text before the heading RESIDUE AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS is omitted.

Such a report should be prepared for each compound. The RECOMMENDATIONS and FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION sections, exactly as described under Draft appraisal, should be attached to the report.

The report should conclude with a sentence such as one of the following:

The residue levels shown in Annex I are recommended for use as MRLs.

The residue levels shown in Annex I are recommended for use as ERLs.

The changes shown in Annex I are recommended.

The withdrawals shown in Annex I are recommended.

10. Draft report, general items (Sections 2 and 3 of JMPR Report)

In the top right-hand side of the first page give the year, space for the section number (the number [2.XX or 3.XX] will be assigned during the Meeting), the author's name, the word-processor filename and the draft number, as shown below. Create the filename from a key word or words in the title of the report (using up to 8 letters) with the extension RE1 after the decimal point for draft 1 of the report item.

GENERAL REPORT
FAO/94/
AUTHOR
FILENAME.RE1
DRAFT 1

Introduce line-numbering (Shift-F8, 1, 5) into the draft report. The line numbers assist people to find parts of the document to be discussed. Early drafts should be in 1½ spacing.

Use the style and language of reports in recent years.

If the report is prepared in response to a recommendation or referral from the CCPR state this in the first paragraph. Use a phrase such as '... at the 23rd (1991) Session of the CCPR...' or if there is need to refer to a specific paragraph '... at the 23rd (1991) Session of the CCPR (ALINORM 91/24A, para......).....'

11. Duties of the FAO Panel Chairman

The Chairman maintains liaison with the WHO Group Chairman on the progress of the Meeting, and together they arrange the schedule for joint sessions. The FAO Panel Chairman serves as either Chairman or Vice-Chairman of the Joint Meeting.

The Chairman ensures that all items are given reasonable discussion and tries to bring the Meeting to an agreement. Reasonable progress must be made, and the intention is to distribute drafts of general report items to the WHO Group by the Friday afternoon of the Joint Meeting and final drafts of most report items by the second Monday afternoon of the Joint Meeting.

12. Duties of the FAO Panel Rapporteur

The system has evolved where individual Panel members act as rapporteurs for discussion on any documents they have prepared. With the volume of work to be dealt with it would not be practical to channel all the work through one person.

The FAO Panel Rapporteur keeps in touch with the WHO Group Rapporteur, ensures that documents are exchanged, and keeps records of the exchanges.

The FAO Panel Rapporteur acts as the channel for typing and copying, keeps records of this and ensures that documents are not delayed.

13. Actions before the Meeting

A copy of the table of Recommendations should be sent to reach the editor named by the Joint FAO Secretary by the end of August of the current year. If the table is extensive, a disk copy should also be sent.

A copy of the section on processing studies and residues in the edible portion of food commodities and the table of Recommendations should be sent to reach the WHO Joint Secretary by the end of August of the current year. See also Section 7.5, Processing studies.

Prepare a brief list of questions on each compound and points for discussion by Panel members. The list should be available on the first day of the Panel meeting and should aim to focus attention on any difficult questions which have arisen during the review.

ANNEX 1

Format of a residue evaluation

FAO/94/
AUTHOR
FILENAME.EV1
DRAFT 1

COMPOUND (Codex number) [Bold caps, centred]

EXPLANATION [Bold caps, at left margin]
[The EXPLANATION section is not included for new compounds.]

IDENTITY [Bold caps, at left margin]
[The IDENTITY section is included only for new compounds and periodic review compounds. See Annex 2]

METABOLISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL FATE [Bold caps, at left margin]

Animal metabolism [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Plant metabolism [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Environmental fate in soil [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Environmental fate in water/sediment systems [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]

METHODS OF RESIDUE ANALYSIS [Bold caps, at left margin]

Analytical methods [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Stability of pesticide residues in stored analytical samples [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Residue definition [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]

USE PATTERN [Bold caps, at left margin]

RESIDUES RESULTING FROM SUPERVISED TRIALS [Bold caps, at left margin]

FATE OF RESIDUES IN STORAGE AND PROCESSING [Bold caps, at left margin]

In storage [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
In processing [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]
Residues in the edible portion of food commodities [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]

RESIDUES IN FOOD IN COMMERCE OR AT CONSUMPTION [Bold caps, at left margin]

NATIONAL MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMITS [Bold caps, at left margin]

APPRAISAL [Bold caps, at left margin]

RECOMMENDATIONS [Bold caps, at left margin]

Definition of the residue:

FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION [Bold caps, at left margin]

Required (by [year]) [Heading underlined, initial cap only, at left margin]

Desirable [Underlined, initial cap only, at left margin]

REFERENCES [Bold caps, centred]

ANNEX 2

Identity section for new and periodic review compounds

COMPOUND (Codex number) [Bold caps, centred]

IDENTITY [Bold caps, at left margin]

ISO common name:
Chemical name

IUPAC: [Indented one Tab]
CA:

CAS No:
CIPAC No:
Synonyms:
Structural formula:
Molecular formula:
Molecular weight:

Physical and chemical properties [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]

Pure active ingredient [Underlined, initial cap only, at left margin]

Vapour pressure: [Indented one Tab]
Melting point:
Octanol/water partition coefficient:
Solubility:
Specific gravity:
Hydrolysis:
Photolysis:

Technical material [Underlined, initial cap only, at left margin]

Purity: [Indented one Tab]
Melting range:
Stability:

Formulations [Bold, initial cap only, at left margin]

ANNEX 3

Format of a draft appraisal

FAO/94/
AUTHOR
FILENAME.AP1
DRAFT 1

COMPOUND (Codex number) [Bold caps, centre]

APPRAISAL [Bold caps, at left margin]Text of the appraisal.

FURTHER WORK OR INFORMATION [Bold caps, at left margin]

Required (by [year]) [Heading underlined, initial cap only, at left margin]

Desirable

RECOMMENDATIONS [Bold caps, at left margin]

An example is shown below.

On the basis of the data from supervised trials the Meeting concluded that the residue levels listed below are suitable for establishing maximum residue limits and for IEDI assessment.

Definition of the residue for compliance with MRL and for estimation of dietary intake: tebufenozide.

Tebufenozide is a fat-soluble compound.

COMMODITY		MRL mg/kg		PHI	STMR or STMR-P
CCN	NAME	new	current	days	mg/kg
FP 0009	Pome fruit	1		14	0.16
FB 0269	Grape	0.5		21	0.12
TN 0678	Walnut	0.05		14-21	0.03
	Apple pomace, wet				0.4
	Apple juice				0.02
	Grape pomace, wet				0.36
	Wine				0.03

The withdrawal of an MRL recommendation is shown as a "W" in the Table with a footnote (W: the previous recommendation is withdrawn).

ANNEX 4

Format of a draft report item, new compound

FAO/94/
AUTHOR
FILENAME.RE1
DRAFT 1

4. COMPOUND (number) [Bold, at left margin]

Systematic IUPAC name [Centred, but will probably occupy most of line]

Paragraph(s) describing the uses of the compound. [First paragraph starts at left margin; subsequent paragraphs after one Tab]

The compound was considered for the first time by the present Meeting.

RESIDUE AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS [Bold caps, centred]

Example:

4. METIRAM (186)

RESIDUE AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS

Residue and analytical aspects of the compound were considered for the first time by the present Meeting.

Metiram is a non-systemic fungicide with a very broad spectrum of activity and is registered for use on cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco and ornamental in numerous countries. It is active against downy mildews, rust fungi and a number of leaf spot fungi. Resistance to metiram has not developed during more than 30 years of use.

The Meeting received extensive information on metabolism, environmental fate in soil, methods of residue analysis, stability of residues in stored analytical samples, approved use patterns, supervised residue trials, animal transfer studies and the fate of residues during food processing.

Metabolism studies on lactating goats, laying hens, apples and potatoes were reviewed. Information was provided to the Meeting on the environmental fate of metiram in soil, including information on hydrolysis and photolysis.

The methods of residue analysis for metiram rely on acid hydrolysis to release CS₂, which is then measured colorimetrically or by gas chromatography. The methods are the same as those for the other ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate)s, mancozeb and maneb. The Meeting agreed that the residue should be defined as a dithiocarbamate residue: The MRLs refer to total dithiocarbamates, determined as CS₂ evolved during acid digestion and expressed as mg CS₂/kg.

Information was provided to the Meeting on the frozen storage stability of metiram and ETU on apples, wet and dry apple pomace, apple juice, sauce, baby food, tomatoes, potatoes and sugar beets.

The Meeting received residue data from supervised trials on the following commodities:

apples, pears, apricots, cherries, peaches, plums, currants, gooseberries, grapes, strawberries, and bananas;
cabbages, cauliflowers, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, beans, peas, potatoes, celery; wheat, rape seed, hops, wheat forage, wheat straw.

Animal transfer studies in which lactating dairy cows were dosed with metiram were reviewed.

Processing studies were available for metiram on apples (to apple puree and apple juice), pears (to pear compote) and grapes (to grape juice, must and wine).