Table A
|
Study |
Location, commodities and years covered |
ROR (percent) |
Comment |
|
Abidogun, 1982 |
Cocoa, Nigeria |
42 |
|
|
Makau, 1984 |
Kenya, Wheat, 1922-1980 |
33 |
Econometric methods |
|
Evenson, 1987 |
Africa, maize, staple crops |
30-40 |
Aggregate RORs by region, econometric |
|
Karanja, 1990 |
Kenya, maize, 1955 to 1988 |
40-60 |
Econometric. returns to research only via statistical separation of research from extension; seed distribution effects |
|
Mazzucalo, 1991 |
Kenya, maize, 1978 |
58-60 |
Using Karanja data, finds minimal effect of fertlizer policy on ROR to research |
|
Mazzucalo and Ly, 1992 |
Niger, cowpea, millet, sorghum, 1975-1991 |
<0 |
Non-adoption of varieties released in the study period, includes extension costs, benefits |
|
Laker-Ojok, 1992 |
Uganda, sunflower, cowpe, soybean, 1985-1991 |
<0 |
Six-year study period used due to civil unrest in previous 15 years |
|
Bougthon and de Frahan, 1982 |
Mali, maize, 1969-1991 |
135 |
Introduction of maize into cotton system by CMDT. Returns to TDT system including research extension and input distribution |
|
Ewell, 1922 |
East Africa, potato, 1978-1991 |
91 |
Regional network-NARS collaboration. Returns to research and extension |
|
Sterns and Bernsten, 1992 |
Cameroon, cowpea, 1979-1991, sorghum1979-1991 |
3 |
ROR to research and extension |
|
Howard, Chitalu and Kalongue, 1993 |
Zambia, maize, 1978-1991 |
64-90 |
ROR to research, extension, seed distribution and additional inputs |
|
Schwart, Sterns and Oehmke, 1993 |
Senegal, cowpea, 1980-1985 |
31-92 |
ROR to research based famine relief; includes all aspects of TDT |
|
Sanders, 1993 |
Ghana, maize, 1982-1992 |
74 |
Starting date determined by initiation of SAFGRAD project |
|
Smale, and Heisly, 1994 |
Malawi, maize, 1957-1992 |
4-7 |
Improved research performance since 1985 |
|
Kupfuma, 1994 |
Zimbabwe, maize, 1932-1990 |
4.3.5 |
Research and extension activities of the DAR and specialist services |
|
Aklitu, 1930 |
Ethiopia, extension and adoption |
nc |
Significant extension impact on adoption of improved practices |
|
Moock, 1973 |
Kenya, productivity |
nc |
Significant extension impact on productivity (factor analysis) |
|
Hoberaft, 1974 |
Kenya, maize |
nc |
Significant effect of extension visits and demonstration on productivity |
|
Moock, 1976 |
Kenya, maize |
nc |
Extension effects only for farmers with less than four years of schooling |
|
Perraton, Jamison and Orivel, 1985 |
Malawi, maize |
nc |
Extension visits increase maize yields |
|
Deaton and Benjamin, 1988 |
Côte d'Ivoire, Cocoa and coffee Kenya |
nc |
Small extension impact |
|
Bindlish and Evenson, 1993 |
Burkina Faso |
100 |
Significant T&V impact |
|
Blindish, Gbetibouo and Evenson, 1993 |
|
91 |
Study of recent T&V managed system |
nc= not calculated
Sources: Oehmke and Crawford, 1994[1]; Birkhaeuaser, Evenson and Feder[2], 1991
RETURNS TO AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Table B
|
Commodity |
Country |
Rates of return (percent) |
Source |
|
Maize |
South America |
191 |
Evenson, 1989 |
|
Maize |
Mexico |
78-91 |
Ruvalcaba, 1986 |
|
Rice |
Indonesia |
60-65 |
Pardey, 1992 |
|
Rice |
India |
65 |
Evenson, 1990 |
|
Soybean |
Brazil |
46-69 |
Ayers, 1985 |
|
Sugar cane |
Philippines |
51-71 |
Lebrero, 1987 |
|
Potato |
Peru |
22-42 |
Norton, 1987 |
|
Cowpeas |
Senegal |
60-80 |
Schwartz, 1989 |
|
Wheat |
Pakistan |
58 |
Nagy, 1983 |
|
Wheat |
Developing countries |
50 |
Byerlee and Traxler, 1995 |
Source: Bonte-Friedheim et al.[3]
|
[1] Oehmke, J.I. and E.W.
Crawford, 1994. The impact of agricultural technology in sub-Saharan Africa,
Department of Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,
Duplicated [2] Birkhauzer, D.; Robert E. Evenson and Gershan Feder, 1991: The Economic Impact of Agricultural Extension: a review on economic development and cultural change, 39 pp. 607-50 [3] Bonte-Friedheim, C., Steven, R. Tabor and J. Roseboom: Financing National Agricultural Research: The Challenge Ahead, 1994, 8 pages |
