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Proceedings of the
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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS |
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The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
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M1/1010E/1/5.98/200
ISBN 92-855-1050-7 |
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to:
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FAO/RNE 1998
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE CONSULTATION
AN INITIATIVE FOR A WATER POLICY DECADE IN THE REGION
APPENDIX 1: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
APPENDIX 2: OVERVIEW - WATER POLICY REFORM IN THE NEAR EAST REGION: POLICY ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MACRO-ECONOMIC AND SECTORAL POLICY ISSUES2.1. MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY REFORM AND WATER
2.2. INSTITUTIONAL REFORM AND PRIVATIZATION
2.3. TRADE POLICIES3.1. FOOD SECURITY POLICIES
3.2. PRODUCTIVE AND ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY
3.3. COST RECOVERY
2.1. DEFINING WATER SCARCITY
2.2. DETERMINING WATER SHORTAGE AND WATER SCARCITY
2.3. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY3. WATER SCARCITY IN THE REGION
3.1. INTRODUCTION
3.2. POVERTY
3.3. NATURAL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY
3.4. WATER DEMAND AND DEVELOPMENT
3.5. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY4. CRITICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER SECURITY
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.2. ECONOMIC GROWTH
4.3. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL STABILITY: THE CASE OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION
4.4. POLITICAL WILL
4.5. EFFECTIVE SECTORAL REFORM4.5.1. Water resources management policy
4.5.2. Multisectoral policy development
4.5.3. Legislative reform
4.5.4. Institutional reform
4.5.5. Disaster management4.6. MANAGEMENT OF DEMAND
4.7. EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION
4.8. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
4.9. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AND TRANSFER
4.10. SKILLS AND HUMAN RESOURCES
4.11. MUTUAL TRUST AND DIALOGUE
4.12. REGIONAL COOPERATION5. WATER SECTOR REFORM - THE SOUTH AFRICAN CASE
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.2. POLICY REFORM
5.3. LEGISLATIVE REFORM
5.4. INSTITUTIONAL REFORM6. THE WAY FORWARD
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annex 1: The water sector institutional framework of South Africa
Annex 2: SADC Protocol on Water
APPENDIX 4: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WATER POLICY REVIEW FOR CYPRUS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WATER RESOURCES: THEIR UTILIZATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES2.1. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES
2.2. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES
2.3. WATER QUALITY
2.4. WATER LEGISLATION
2.5. CURRENT WATER TARIFFS
2.6. NON-CONVENTIONAL WATER SOURCES2.6.1. Treated effluent
2.6.2. Water desalination
2.6.3. Other non-conventional water sources3. CURRENT ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
4. WATER POLICY OBJECTIVES
5. STRATEGY OPTIONS AND EVALUATION5.1.1. Water pricing
5.1.2. Recycling of treated municipal water
5.1.3. Desalination of seawater
5.1.4. Increasing water efficiency by reducing losses
5.1.5. Modification of current cropping patterns
5.1.6. Maintaining water quality
5.1.7. Control of the rate of reclamation of land for irrigated agriculture6. CONCLUSIONS
SOURCES USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS PAPER
1.1. GEOGRAPHY
1.2. CLIMATE
1.3. POPULATION
1.4. HYDROLOGY
1.5. GROUNDWATER2. REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION
2.1. WATER USE
2.2. AGRICULTURAL USE
2.3. DOMESTIC USE
2.4. INDUSTRIAL USE3. WATER BALANCE
4. WATER SECTOR POLICY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS4.1. SUPPLY-DEMAND BALANCE
4.2. STANDARD OF SERVICE
4.3. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE WATER SECTOR
4.4. WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
4.5. FUTURE SUPPLY OPTIONS
4.6. EFFICIENCY OF USE
4.7. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
4.8. INTERNATIONAL SENSITIVITY AND COMMITMENTS
4.9. STRUCTURAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES5.1. WATER POLICY OBJECTIVES
5.2. POLICY ACTIONS5.2.1. Increasing the contribution from non-conventional water sources
5.2.2. Reconsidering agricultural policy
5.2.3. Legislative action
5.2.4. Institutional aspects
5.2.5. Inter-basin water transfer
5.2.6. Capacity building6.1. PRIORITY OF USE
6.2. CONDUCTING STUDIES
6.3. EFFICIENT USE OF WATER
6.4. RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
6.5. AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
6.6. WATER PRICING
6.7. LEGISLATION
6.8. POPULATION GROWTH CONTROL
APPENDIX 6: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - WATER POLICY REFORMS IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN
APPENDIX 7: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - WATER POLICY REFORM IN PAKISTAN
ACRONYMS USED
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. AGRICULTURE AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
3. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION
4. WATER SECTOR POLICY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS4.1. SUPPLY-BASED IRRIGATION PROBLEMS
4.2. INEQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
4.3. DRAINAGE AND SALINITY PROBLEMS
4.4. LOW O&M AND INVESTMENT IN THE IRRIGATION SECTOR
4.5. LACK OF INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION AND DELIVERY CAPACITY
4.6. WATER CHARGES5. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND ACTIONS IN THE WATER SECTOR
6. STRATEGIC OPTIONS: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY ACTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 8: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - WATER POLICY REFORM IN SAUDI ARABIA
ACRONYMS USED IN THE TEXT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GEOLOGY AND CLIMATE
3. WATER SUPPLY4.1. AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND
4.2. MUNICIPAL WATER CONSUMPTION5. INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY OBJECTIVES
5.1. POLICY OBJECTIVES
5.2. POLICY INSTRUMENTS5.2.1. Policies affecting output prices
5.2.2. Policies affecting input prices6.1. BIAS TOWARD INTENSIVE USE OF WATER
6.2. POSSIBLE POLICY CHANGES6.2.1. Reduction in wheat subsidies
6.2.2. Privatization of municipal water supplies
6.2.3. Ministry of Water
APPENDIX 9: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - NATIONAL WATER POLICY IN THE SUDAN
LIST OF ACRONYMS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
WATER IS LIFE
AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES
CURRENT AND FUTURE WATER USE
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS
RECENT INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
WATER LEGISLATION
A FUTURE LOOK
REFERENCES CITED
APPENDIX 11: COUNTRY CASE STUDY - WATER POLICY REFORM IN YEMEN
ACRONYMS USED
1. INTRODUCTION
2. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION2.1. DOMINANT FEATURES OF THE WATER SECTOR
2.1.1. Critical shortage of water resources
2.1.2. Fragmented water management
2.1.3. Centralized administration
2.1.4. Water as a “God-given” commodity
2.1.5. Inadequate water management systems2.2.1. Prioritization of sustainable water resources management in the National Development Plan and formulation of water policy objectives
2.2.2. Coordination of donor’s technical and financial assistance
2.2.3. Establishment of the National Water Resources Authority (NWRA)3. WATER SECTOR POLICY ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
4. POLICY REVIEW AND STRATEGY FORMULATION
5. PERSPECTIVES FOR A WATER STRATEGY IN YEMEN
5.1. MACRO-SOLUTIONS
5.2. SECTOR MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS5.2.1. Groundwater
5.2.2. Urban water supply
5.2.3. Access to potable water
APPENDIX 12: AN OVERVIEW ON AOAD’S STRATEGIES IN RELATION TO WATER POLICY REFORM IN THE ARAB REGION
1. INTRODUCTION
2. WATER AVAILABILITY AND AGRICULTURAL WATER UTILIZATION IN THE ARAB REGION
3. ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS TO MEET AGRICULTURAL WATER DEMAND3.1. IMPROVEMENT OF IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES
3.1.1. Major constraints to the introduction of modern irrigation techniques in the Arab Region
3.1.2. Improvement of irrigation scheduling3.2. IMPROVEMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT THROUGH ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
3.3. RE-ALLOCATION OF IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY TO LOW-WATER-CONSUMPTION AND HIGH-VALUE CROPS
3.4. REGULATION AND RESTRICTIONS ON IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND
3.5. STRENGTHENING CAPACITY BUILDING IN THE IRRIGATION SECTOR3.5.1. Strengthening the role of Water Users’ Associations in the management of irrigated schemes
3.5.2. Strengthening training activities