Residue data from supervised trials on fruit and vegetables are summarized in Tables 26-32.
|
Table 26 |
Apples. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland. |
|
Table 27 |
Pear. Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain. |
|
Table 28 |
Peach. France, Italy, Spain. |
|
Table 29 |
Plum. France, Italy. Cherries. Italy, Spain. |
|
Table 30 |
Grapes. France, Germany. |
|
Table 31 |
Strawberry. Belgium, France, Germany, Poland. |
|
Table 32 |
Beans, dwarf French. Germany.. |
|
|
Beans, French. France |
|
|
Cabbage, Savoy. Germany. |
|
|
Peas, green. France. |
|
|
Lettuce, head. Germany, Netherlands. |
|
|
Spinach. Germany, Netherlands. |
|
|
Tomato. France |
Thiram was determined by CS2 evolution methods or by HPLC, and in some trials by both methods. Residues are reported in the Tables as thiram irrespective of the method of analysis. The molecular weight factor CS2 x 1.58, was used to calculate the thiram residues if residues were quoted in the trial report as CS2.
Where residues were not detected they are recorded in the Tables as below the limit of determination (LOD), e.g. <0.05 mg/kg. Residues, application rates and spray concentrations have generally been rounded to 2 significant figures or, for residues near the LOD, to 1 significant figure. Residues in control samples are recorded only when they exceeded the LOD: this occurred in samples from 2 apple trials, 4 grape trials and 2 spinach trials analysed by the CS2 evolution method, and in one apple and one grape sample analysed by the HPLC method.
Most of the trials were fully reported as well as being summarized. Some, especially older ones, were reported as detailed summaries rather than in full reports.
In some trials on apples, peaches, plums, cherries, strawberries and tomatoes other dithiocarbamates had been used on the crop during the growing season. Samples from such trials were considered valid for estimating thiram residue levels only if they had been analysed specifically for thiram by an HPLC method.
Thiram trials on apples were available from a number of European countries. Knapsacks were used for application in the Belgian trials of 1991-1993, where plot sizes were usually 8 or 16 trees, and in the French trial on plots of 6 trees. Thiram was applied by a tractor-mounted sprayer or axial fan blower in the German trials of 1989, and with a motorised knapsack and a wheelbarrow-mounted sprayer in the Italian trials where plot sizes were 6-12 trees.
Thiram was applied by knapsack sprayer in most of the trials on stone fruit and strawberries. Plot sizes for tree crops were 4-8 trees. Plot sizes in the strawberry trials ranged from 8 m of row to 100 m2.
In a series of trials on grapes in France in 1992 thiram was applied with a back-pack air-blast sprayer. In each trial there were two plots whose ranged from 186-750 m2. The plots were large enough to provide sufficient grapes for processing studies (Table 33). In a grape trial in France in 1991 thiram was applied with a Knapsack atomizer to plots of 30 or 60 plants. Field samples were taken from each of 3 sub-plots.
Thiram residues in apples from 5 trials in The Netherlands in 1988 seem low by comparison with residues from other trials. Many of the residues were below the LOD (0.1 mg/kg). Details of sample storage conditions (temperature, duration, chopped or whole fruit) were not immediately available to confirm that residues had not disappeared during storage.
German trials on apples from 1971 to 1973 were reported on detailed summary sheets.
Table 26. Residues of thiram (expressed as thiram) in apples from foliar application of thiram in supervised trials in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Poland. Underlined residues are from treatments according to GAP and are valid for estimation of maximum residue levels.
|
Country, year (variety) |
Application |
PHI, days |
Residues, as thiram, mg/kg |
Ref. |
||||
|
Form |
kg ai/ha |
kg ai/hl |
No. |
CS2 method |
HPLC method |
|||
|
Belgium, 1991 (Golden Delicious) |
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
13 |
83 |
<0.05 |
<0.05 |
CRP/92/975 GD 7D |
|
Belgium, 1991 (Jonagold) |
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
9 dt |
7 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
CRP 92/974 BEVJG1 |
|
Belgium, 1991 (Jonagold) |
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
11 dt |
90 |
<0.05 |
0.05 |
CPR/92/972 JG7 D |
|
Belgium, 1991 (Jonagold) |
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
12 dt |
14 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
CRP/92/973 91/BEVJG2 |
|
Belgium, 1992 (Golden Delicious) |
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
10 dt |
0 |
|
7.7, 8.5 |
BEWGD |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
4.9, 5.2 |
B.A.7792C |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
2.5, 3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c 0.77 |
|
|
|
Belgium, 1993 (Jonagold)
|
WG |
1.8 |
0.16 |
5 |
9 |
2.7 |
|
304735 |
|
|
|
|
6 |
0 |
4.3 |
|
2097/93 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
3.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
Belgium, 1993 (Jonagold)
|
WG |
1.8 |
0.16 |
5 |
9 |
4.6 |
|
304670 |
|
|
|
|
6 |
0 |
5.8 |
|
2097/93 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
4.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
2.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
France, 1993 (Starkrimson)
|
WG |
|
0.16 |
5 |
7 |
1.9 |
|
304697 RA- |
|
|
|
|
6 |
0 |
2.8 |
|
2099/93 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
2.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.9 |
0.11 |
3 dt |
15 |
1.1 |
|
BBA 26/71 |
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.07 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 15/72 |
|
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.07 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 27/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
4 dt |
15 |
2.0 |
|
BBA 27/71 |
|
|
+1.4 |
+0.8 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 4/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 |
+1.6 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 16/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 |
+1,6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange)
|
WP |
1.8 |
0:4 |
4 dt |
15 |
1.3 |
|
BBA 28/71 |
|
|
+1.4 |
+0.32 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 5/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 |
+0.64 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 17/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 |
+0.64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.9 |
0.64 |
3 dt |
15 |
0.60 |
|
BBA 23/71 |
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.4 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 12/72 |
|
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.4 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 24/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.9 |
0.32 |
3 dt |
15 |
0.74 |
|
BBA 24/71 |
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.2 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 13/72 |
|
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.2 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 25/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.9 |
0.16 |
3 dt |
15 |
0.84 |
|
BBA 25/71 |
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.1 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 14/72 |
|
|
|
+1.8 |
+0.1 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 26/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.4 |
3 dt |
13 |
0.59 |
|
BBA 20/71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 9/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 21/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.1 |
3 dt |
13 |
0.43 |
|
BBA 22/71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 11/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 23/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.2 |
3 dt |
13 |
0.73 |
|
BBA 21/71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 10/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 22/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
3 dt |
13 |
0.73 |
|
BBA 19/71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 8/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BBA 20/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
.8 |
0.1 |
4 dt |
15 |
1.1 |
|
BBA 30/71 |
|
|
+1.4 |
+0.08 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 7/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 +2.9 |
+0.16 +0.16 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 19/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1971 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.2 |
4 dt |
15 |
1.2 |
|
BBA 29/71 |
|
|
+1.4 |
+0.16 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 6/72 |
|
|
|
+2.9 +2.9 |
+0.32 +0.32 |
|
|
|
|
BBA 18/72 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.4 |
0.08 |
3 dt |
15 |
3.4 |
|
BBA 76/72 |
|
|
+2.9 +2.9 |
+0.16 +0.16 |
|
|
|
|
R/1800 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.7 |
0.6 |
4 dt |
12 |
1.2 |
|
BBA 77/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U/450 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.4 |
0.16 |
3 dt |
15 |
4.7 |
|
BBA 75/72 |
|
|
+2.9 +2.9 |
+0.32 +0.32 |
|
|
|
|
R/900 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.7 |
0.15 |
4 dt |
12 |
1.1 |
|
BBA 79/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U/1800 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.7 |
0.3 |
4 dt |
12 |
0.63 |
|
BBA 78/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U/900 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
2.7 |
0.1 |
4 dt |
12 |
0.95 |
|
BBA 80/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U/2700 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
dt |
31 |
2.0 |
|
BBA 27/73 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.4 |
dt |
31 |
1.1 |
|
BBA 28/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.2 |
dt |
31 |
0.90 |
|
BBA 29/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.1 |
dt |
31 |
0.82 |
|
BBA 30/73 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange)
|
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
dt |
31 |
0.71 |
|
BBA 5/73 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.4 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.87 |
|
BBA 6/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.2 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.66 |
|
BBA 7/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.1 |
dt |
31 |
0,47 |
|
BBA 7/73 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange)
|
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.71 |
|
BBA 5/73 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.4 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.87 |
|
BBA 6/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.2 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.66 |
|
BBA 7/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.47 |
|
BBA 7/73 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange)
|
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.87 |
|
BBA 1/73 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.4 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.81 |
|
BBA 2/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.2 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.85 |
|
BBA 3/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.57 |
|
BBA 4/73 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.4 |
0.32 |
3 dt |
15 |
4.7 |
|
BBA 74/72 |
|
|
+2.9 +2.9 |
+0.64 +0.64 |
|
|
|
|
R/450 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
3 dt |
15 |
2.5 |
|
BBA 69/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D/180 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
1.8 |
1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.68 |
|
BBA 31/73 |
|
|
1.8 |
0.4 |
1 dt |
31 |
1.0 |
|
BBA 32/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.2 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.66 |
|
BBA 33/73 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
0.1 |
1 dt |
31 |
0.52 |
|
BBA 34/73 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.1 |
3 |
15 |
0.81 |
|
BBA 72/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D/1800 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.4 |
3 |
15 |
1.0 |
|
BBA 70/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D/450 |
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.4 |
0.8 |
3 dt |
15 |
3.5 |
|
BBA 73/72 |
|
|
+2.9 |
+1.6 |
|
|
|
|
R/180 |
|
|
|
+2.9 |
+1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Germany, 1972 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
1.8 |
0.2 |
3 |
15 |
0.49 |
|
BBA 71/72 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D/900 |
|
|
Germany, 1973 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
0.45 |
0.1 |
2 |
18 |
0.35 |
|
BBA 85/73 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U/IV |
|
|
Germany, 1973 (Cox's Orange) |
WP |
0.45 |
0.1 |
2 |
14 |
0.81 |
|
BBA 84/73 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D/IV |
|
|
Germany, 1989 (Gloster)
|
WG |
2.4 |
0.16 |
4 |
0 |
4.0 |
|
0318/89 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
3.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
s 0.21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
j 0.19 |
|
|
|
|
Germany, 1989 (Golden Delicious)
|
WG |
2.4 |
0.80 |
4 dt |
0 |
2.8 |
|
0320/89 |
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.0 |
|
|
|
|
Italy, 1991 (Golden Delicious)
|
WG |
2x2.6 |
0.15 |
5 |
0 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
58/F/91- |
|
|
+2x3.3 |
|
|
7 |
1.5 |
- |
6012 |
|
|
|
+1x3.5 |
|
|
10 |
2.5 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
1.6 |
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
|
|
|
Italy, 1992 (Weime)
|
WG |
2.6 |
0.15 |
5 dt |
0 |
10.0 |
10.2 |
UCB 205 |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
7.4 |
7.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
Italy, 1993 (Perleberg)
|
WG |
2.3 |
0.15 |
4 |
7 |
6.0 |
|
304700 RA- |
|
|
|
|
5 |
0 |
6.5 |
|
2099/93 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
1.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
1.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 |
0.7 |
|
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1986 (Golden Delicious)
|
WP |
2.4 |
1.6 |
6 |
7 |
11 9.8 17 |
|
KvW257 |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
21 |
|
(1987) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
c <0.2 0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
(3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.4 15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c 23 14 |
|
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1986 (Golden Delicious)
|
WP |
3.0 |
2.0 |
6 |
7 |
19 16 12 |
|
KvW257 |
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
16 |
|
(1987) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
c <0.2 0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
(3) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
c 23 14 |
|
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1986 (Golden Delicious)
|
WP |
4.5 |
2.0 |
6 |
7 |
6.8 6.0 6.3 |
|
KvW257 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
8.9 |
|
(1987) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.7 7.3 3.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6.8 |
|
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1986 (Golden Delicious)
|
WP |
3.6 |
1.6 |
6 |
7 |
7.1 7.6 5.2 |
|
KvW257 |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
4.0 |
|
(1987) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.9 7.1 2.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.7 |
|
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
3.0 |
0.20 |
5 |
7 |
|
0.46 0.12 0.40 |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.33 |
638201015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
<0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.22 |
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
2.2 |
0.16 |
5 |
7 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
0.28 <0.1 (3) |
638201015 |
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
2.4 |
1.6 |
5 |
7 |
|
0.47 1.8 0.56 0.27 |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
0.33 0.14 0.76 |
638201015 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.34 |
|
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
3.1 |
2.0 |
5 |
7 |
|
1.6 6.3 4.0 0.4 |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
1.2 0.88 0.41 0.25 |
638201015 |
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
2.3 |
0.16 |
5 |
7 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
638201015 |
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
2.2 |
2.8 |
5 |
7 |
|
<0.1 (3) 0.25 |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
638201015 |
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
2.9 |
0.20 |
5 |
7 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
638201015 |
|
|
Netherlands, 1988 (Golden Delicious) |
WP |
1.8 |
1.6 |
5 |
7 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
RIVM |
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
|
<0.1 (4) |
638201015 |
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Starkrimson) |
WG |
2.4 |
|
4 |
7 |
7.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
3.8 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Starkrimson) |
WG |
2.4 |
|
2 |
7 |
6.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
3.2 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Starkrimson) |
WG |
3.6 |
|
4 |
7 |
8.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
8.1 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Starkrimson) |
WG |
3.6 |
|
2 |
14 |
3.6 |
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Spartan) |
WG |
3.6 |
|
2 |
7 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.5 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Spartan) |
WG |
2.4 |
|
2 |
7 |
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
0.87 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Spartan) |
WG |
2.4 |
|
4 |
7 |
3.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
Poland, 1994 (Spartan) |
WG |
3.6 |
|
4 |
7 |
6.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
4.0 |
|
|
|
dt: other dithiocarbamates also applied during the growing season.
c: control sample
s: sauce
j: juice
