Fertilizer requirement Besoins en engrais Besoins en fertilisants
- quantity and quality of required nutrients necessary to obtain given productional results
Filamentous algae Algues filamenteuses
- algae which usually form strands or threads of cells that may grow on the pond bottom but often float to the surface forming scums or floating mats (3)
Fin Nageoire
- an organ by which fish balance themselves and swim, consisting of a membrane supported by rays
Fine meshed A mailles fines
- pertaining to fishing net having relatively small meshes
Fingerling Estivaux
- any fish from advanced fry to the age of one year from date of hatching, regardless of size (9)
- young fish, usually late in first year (31)
Fingerling pond Etang de premier été
- rearing pond in the first year of productional cycle, stocked with fry from nursery pond, or spawning pond, or other hatching implement
Finishing pond
- see Fattening pond
Fin-ray Rayon (des nageoires)
- one of the processes supporting the membrane of a fish's fin
First dorsal fin Première nageoire dorsale
- in fishes characterized by double dorsal fin (such as perciformes)
First fry pond
- see Nursery pond
First rearing pond
- see Nursery pond
Fish barrier
- see Weir
Fish bladder
- see Air bladder
Fish bone Arête de poisson
- a bone of a fish
Fish-capture channel Fossé de capture des poissons
- a channel in the bottom of a pond in which fishes gather when water is drawn out; as a result fish can be easily caught
Fish catching box Chambre de capture des poissons
- term usually denoting fry-fish trap placed behind the monk in order to catch fish during drying up the fishponds
Fish-collecting pool Poële
- receptacle where fish gather during drying up a pond, most frequently situated behind the monk
Fish conservation (protection) Protection du poisson
- practices connected with maintaining fish stock and preventing its damage
Fish corral
- see Barricade
Fish court Corps du filet
- the walls of netting forming the holding chamber in a trap net (2)
Fish crop
- see Yield
Fish culture Pisciculture
- producing and increasing fish production, by whatever methods, above what can be produced naturally (43, 13)
Fish culturist Pisciculteur
- a man engaged in fish culture or aquaculture
Fish-diverter Ecran électrique
- an electrical device for generating currents in selected areas of water, as power dams, irrigation ditches, etc., for the purpose of diverting fish from entering them (42)
Fish eggs
- see Hard roe
Fisherman Pêcheur
- a man who fishes for sport or for a living
Fishery Pêche Pisciculture Pêcherie
- all activities connected with propagation, cultivation and exploitation of fishes in inland and marine waters, as also the management of fish resources
- fishing ground
Fishery laws and regulations Lois et réglements sur la pêche et la pisciculture
- laws and regulations issued in order to protect fishery
Fishery management Aménagement des pêches Exploitation des pêches
- the art and science of producing sustained annual crops of wild fish for recreational and commercial uses (3)
Fishery protection Protection des pêches
- the use by the government or various agencies of special forms of regulation or restraint in order to encourage or to maintain essential characteristics of the fishery (26)
Fishery stock
- see Commercial stock
Fish farm Pisciculture Ferme à poissons Exploitation d'étange
- an enterprise where fish-culture is carried on
Fish-fence
- see Leader
Fish garth Enclos
- a dam or weir in a river or on the seashore for keeping fish (2)
Fish hatchery
- see Hatchery
Fish hook Hameçon
- a hook for catching fish
Fishing Pêche
- the act of catching fish whether for profit, sport, or any other reason
Fishing area Pêche Pêcherie Parcours de pêche
- a particular water body (or its part) or group of water bodies within the fishing region
Fishing boat Bateau de pêche
- a boat employed in activities connected with fisheries
Fishing efficiency Efficacité de la pêche
- the ratio of the number of fish caught to the number present in the area fished (34)
Fishing effort Effort de pêche
- any combination of time and gear that can be readily standardized (8)
- the total fishing gear in use for a specified period of time (27)
Fishing exploitation Exploitation (méthodes d')
- combination of methods and activities aimed at obtaining fish catch (or other management purposes) with the use of different fishing gear or/and fish catching devices
Fishing gear accessories Matériels et accessoires pour la pêche professionnelle
- fishing tackle used in commercial fishery
Fishing ground Secteur de pêche
- a part of a water body especially suitable for carrying out fishing activities
Fishing intensity Intensité de pêche
- intensity of fishing exploitation expressed in any standardized unite of fishing effort per given area
Fishing line Ligne (de pêche)
- a line with hook(s), etc., for catching fish
Fishing mortality Mortalité par pêche
- death caused by fishing activity of man
Fishing net Filet de pêche
- a net for catching fish
Fishing operations Opérations de pêche
- all operations in moving to and from fishing grounds, fish-searching and actual fishing (16)
Fishing period Période spécifique d'ouverture de la pêche
- portion of the fishing season pertaining to catches of a given species and/or carried out with a particular fishing gear (method)
Fishing pit Trou d'eau
- a hole in the bottom of the water body where fish gather, especially in winter and in which they can be easily caught
Fishing place Lieu de pêche
- the very place of a fishing ground where fish are caught
Fishing power Puissance de pêche
- the relative vulnerability of the stock to different boats or gears (27)
Fishing region Grande région de pêche
- a relatively large tract of a country, abundant in water bodies, where fishing having certain prevailing characteristics, is more or less commonly carried out
Fishing right Droit de pêche
- the legal right of fishing in given place at a given time
Fishing rod Canne à pêche
- long, tapering, flexible rod usually in sections jointed together used along with fishing line for angling
Fishing season Saison d'ouverture générale de la pêche
- part of a year during which catches of various fish species and/or with different fishing gear (method) are carried out
Fishing stakes Etente Gord
- see Stake net
Fishing tackle Matériels et accessoires de pêche
- all devices required by fisherman or angler for catching fish
Fishing time Temps de pêche
- denotes the actual time at which fishing takes place, e.g., day, night, full moon, overcast, etc., as also its duration
Fishing twine
- see Netting twine
Fishing with troll line
- see Trolling
Fish-kill Mortalité massive
- massive, rapid death of fish due to several reasons, such as oxygen deficit, inflow of toxicants, infectious diseases, etc.
Fish ladder Echelle à poissons
- a series of steps to enable fish to ascend a hydraulic barrier
Fishless Sans poisson
- having no fish
Fish lift Ascenseur à poissons
- an arrangement lifting the fish over a hydraulic barrier
Fish line
- see Fishing line
Fish meal Farine de poisson
- dehydrated and often defatted ground fish or fish waste used as feed or (rearily) fertilizer
Fish-pass
- see Fish ladder
Fish pest Epidémie
- any deadly epidemic disease of fish
Fish pole
- see Fishing rod
Fish-pond Etang à poissons
- pond in which fish are reared or kept
Fish pot Casier Panier
- a basket-like wicker trap for catching fish, especially eels, or crayfish
Fish pound
- see Pound
Fish-rearing Elevage de poissons
- pertaining to propagation and cultivation of fish
Fish sound
- see Air bladder
Fish-spear
- see Spear
Fish water Eau convenant au poisson
- water body in which fishes do, or can live
Fishway Passe à poisson
- man-made passage for fish over a hydraulic barrier
- see Fish ladder and Fish lift
Fish weir Grille à poissons
- a weir on a river for taking or preserving fishes (40)
Fish well Vivier
- a compartment with free access of water used for storing live fish
Fish worm
- see Worm
Fishy Poissonneux
- abounding in fish
Flasher Flasheur (néologisme)
- a flashing spoon tied above the bait to attract fish to it (53)
Flatboat Plate
- boat with a flat bottom used in shallow waters usually on ponds
Flesh fin
- see Adipose fin
Float Flotteur
- any buoyant object attached to nets or fishing lines to prevent sinking (2)
Floating aquatic plants Plantes aquatiques flottantes
- plants which wholly or in part float on the surface of the water, sometimes unattached to the bottom
Floating fish boxes Viviers flottants
- cages for holding fish, floating on the water
Floating gill net
- see Drift-net
Flood plain Plaine inondable
- plain regularly overflooded by flood water (14)
Flowing water
- see Running water
Flow rate Débit
- velocity of flow multiplied by cross-sectional area of the stream (26)
Fluvial, fluviatile Fluvial Fluviatile
- pertaining to streams, also to fishes that live their entire life in moving fresh waters (8)
Fly Mouche
- natural or artificial fly used as bait in fly fishing
Fly-book Boîte à mouche
- a booklike case for anglers' flies
Flycasting Lancer de la mouche
- the art of throwing fly in angling
Fly-fish Pêcher à la mouche
- to angle with natural or artificial flies as bait
Fly-fishing Pêche à la mouche
- one of the four basic methods of angling in which rod and line are combined to project the lure. As a lure artificial or natural flies are used
Fly-hook Hameçon esché avec une mouche
- a hook baited with a fly (40)
Fly-rod Canne à mouche
- flexible rod for fly-fishing
Fodder Aliments fourrage
- feeds with relatively low feeding value
Food Aliment
- any substance which, taken into the body, is capable of sustaining or nourishing the living organism
Food animal Espèce proie
- animal constituting food for other animals, especially fishes
Food chain Chaîne alimentaire
- the successive stages from bacteria and phytoplankton that can utilize inorganic dissolved nutrients, to the zooplankton, insect larvae, and some fishes that devour them, up to larger fish that may exist principally by preying on the other fishes (8)
- transfer of food energy through a series of organisms with many stages of eating and being eaten (10)
- a chain of organisms where one of the organisms feeds on another from the chain below, and is eaten in turn by an organism from the chain above (14)
- the loss of energy from a series of organisms to the other is high, roughly 90 percent
Food fish Poisson comestible
- eatable fish
Food mixture Aliment composé
- feeds composed of basic nutritive compounds in proportionate quantities, according to the given diet formula
Food net (food web) Réseau alimentaire
- an interwoven system of feeding interrelations in food circulation in a given community (26)
Food-quotient Quotient alimentaire
- coefficients/used in comparing feeds with different feeding value
Food relations Relations alimentaires
- interrelations existing in the circulation of food in a given community
Food requirements
- see Nutritional requirements
Food supply Ressources alimentaires
- the sum total of all plant and animal organisms and their decomposition products (34)
Forage fish Poisson fourrage
- fish, usually smaller species, that are important as food for other species (8)
Forebay Retenue (d'eau)
- the impounded waters just above a dam (8)
Fountain Fontaine Source
- natural or artificial water-spring
Free-swimming Nageant librement
- swimming freely, as an aquatic animal, especially certain organisms that are immovable in other stages of development
Free water Eau de ruissellement
- soil water in excess of that absorbed by the soil, also called gravity water (42)
Freshet Crue Courant d'eau douce dans la mer
- a pool or stream of fresh water
- an overflow of a river caused by rain or melted snow
- an area of comparatively fresh water at or near the mouth of a stream flowing into the sea (56)
Freshwater Eau douce
- of or pertaining to, yielding, produced by, or living in water that is not salt (40)
Freshwater fishery Pêches d'eau douce ou continentale
- see Inland fisheries
Fry Alevin
- the young stage of fishes, particularly after the yolk sac has been absorbed (21)
- young fish, newly hatched, after yolk has been used up and active feeding commenced (31)
- stage from independence of yolk sac as primary source of nutrition to dispersal of the redd for Atlantic salmon and migratory trout (54, 55)
Fry pond Etang à alevins
- general term applied to all types of ponds in which fry is grown
Funnel Goulot Goulet
- the funnel shaped opening to a fish trap (2)
Full-grown fish Poisson adulte
- fish having attained maturity
Fungus disease Mycose
- disease caused by fungi, e.g., Saprolegnia, Branchiomyces, etc.
Fyke net Verveux à ailes Louve
- a funnel-like bag net similar to a hoop net but with wings (2)
- tabular bag, for catching eels. Held open with hoops fitted with non-return valve and leader. Also called: hoop net (2)
Gain Gain
- amount of increase
Game fish Poisson de sport
- any fish caught for enjoyment or recreation
- fish species traditionally regarded as game, especially Salmonids
Gangen Empile
- a branch line by which a hook or bait are attached to the main line of a long line (2)
Gang hooks Grappin
- fish hooks fastened together in series so that they are effective from all directions (53)
Gas-bladder
- see Air bladder
Gear Engins
- the tools, implements or appliances used in fishing, exclusive of boat or boats employed in the fishing operations (2)
- a net and its activating devices when in the water (2)
Gill Branchie
- respiratory organ of many aquatic animals, chiefly fishes
- to catch fish in a gill net
Gill arches Arcs branchiaux
- the V-shaped bony supports bearing the gills and gill rakers (18)
- the bony supports of the gills (19)
Gill cover Opercule
- the bony covering of the gill cavity composed of opercular bones (19)
Gill net Filet maillant
- a curtain of netting suspended from the surface by floats. Single nets are linked into fleets of nets. Fish swim into them in darkness and are caught by their gill covers (1)
- a net usually rectangular with the size of mesh such that when fish strike the net they become jammed (2)
Gill netting Pêche au filet maillant
- action of catching fishes on gill nets
Gill rakers Branchiospines
- a series of bony projections along the anterior edge of the gill arch (18)
- a series of tooth-like bony structures placed along the anterior edge of the gill arches (19)
- bony tooth-like structures on the anterior edges of gill arches for protection or straining out food (20)
Gill slit Ouïes
- vertical opening from pharynx to exterior in animals respirating with oxygen dissolved in water, especially fish
Gonad maturation stages Stades de maturation des gonades
- Classification of the degree of gonad development, varying according to different authors
Gonads Gonades
- the sex glands which produce either eggs or sperm (6)
- a general term including both ovaries and testes (8)
Grading (of fish) Triage des poissons
- to sort (fish) according to class, size, quality, etc.
Gravel Graviers
- mineral particles 2–4 mm in diameter (16)
Gravel pit Gravière sablière
- an excavation from which gravel is or has been taken
Gravid fish Poisson mature
- fish with mature gonads (8)
- pregnant or ripe, ready to spawn (10)
Gravity drainage Drainage par gravité
- drainage based on gravity
Grayling section Zone à ombre
- a zone in a river lying between trout zone and barbel zone, characterized by alternatings between rapid current and sections with moderate currents (36)
Grayling zone (reach)
- see Grayling section
Green algae Algues vertes
- Chlorophyta, the algae in which photosynthetic pigments are localized in chromatophores with chlorophyll as a dominating pigment
Green manure Engrais verts Verdage
- plants grown for ploughing into the bed of a dried-up pond as fertilizer
Grilse Grilse Madeleineau
- a precocious salmon or anadromous trout that has matured at a much smaller size (and usually younger age) than that of the fully grown adult fish (8)
- salmon which has spent one winter at sea (= grilse when maturing) (54)
Gross primary production Production primaire brute
- the quantity of carbon taken up by plants into organic combinations (17)
Ground Fond
- bottom of any body of water
Ground-angling Pêche à fond (avec une canne)
- angling without a float with a weighted line
Ground-bait Appât de fond Amorce de fond
- a bait thrown to the bottom of the water, in order to attract fish
Ground-fish Poisson de fond
- fish living at the bottom
Ground-fishing Pêche de fond
- fishing with a bait at or near bottom
Ground-line Ligne de fond
- a line used in ground-fishing
Groundling Petites espèces de poissons de fond
- various small fishes that keep at the bottom, especially gudgeon or loach
Ground-net Filet pour pêche à fond
- any kind of fishing-net used at the bottom
Ground-rope Ralingue de fond
- a rope at a lower edge of a fishing-net
Growing pond
- see Rearing pond
Growing season Saison de croissance
- period of the year during which growth takes place
Growth Croissance
- an increase and development in number or size of organisms and populations, and in a living system
Growth curve Courbe de croissance
- size of growth plotted against time (26)
Growth period Période de croissance
- any extent of time during which growth occurs
Growth rate Taux de croissance
- the rate of increase of the measured property of the growing system (15)
Gully Ravine Ravin
- a channel or ravine worn in the earth by the action of water, especially in a mountain or hill side (40)
Gutted fish Poisson éviscéré
- eviscerated fish, fish with guts taken out
Gyttja Guttja
- the type of sediment typical of lakes with oxygenated bottom waters (17)
Habitat Habitat
- the natural abode of a plant or animal, especially the particular location where it normally grows or lives (16)
Habitat improvement Amélioration de l'habitat
- a fishery management tool with the sole purpose of providing better environmental conditions for desired species of fish (8)
Half-spent Dont la moitié des oeufs ont été pondus ou prélevés
- partially spawned fish
Hand brailer
- see Brail net
Hand-line Ligne à soutenir
- fishing-line without a rod, with one or several baited hooks attached, worked by hand
Hanging coefficient Taux d'armement
- the ratio of the horizontal distance occupied by meshes equal in number to the depth of the net (in meshes), to the actual depth of the net before hanging (34), i.e., ratio of the horizontal length of a given number of meshes on the hanging line to horizontal length of the same number of meshes when drawn out
Hang-net Folle Courtine
- a kind of net with large meshes, set vertically on stakes
Hardness of water Dureté de l'eau
- a property of water containing dissolved salts, especially of calcium and magnesium
Hard (aquatic) plants Végétation (aquatique) dure
- common name given to emergent aquatic plants, especially to those belonging to reed belt
Hard roe Oeufs
- eggs of a female fish
Harvesting Récolte
- removal of organisms
Hatch Incuber Eclore Alevins de même âge
- incubate, bring forth from egg
- brood hatched at one time
Hatch-boat Bateau vivier
- a kind of half-decked fishing-boat with a well for keeping fish
Hatcher
- see Incubator
Hatchery Ecloserie Salle d'incubation
- a place for artificial hatching, especially of fish… (10)
Hatchery tray Incubateur
- shallow, usually rectangular vessel used in artificial hatching of fish eggs
Hatching Eclosion
- producing young from eggs both artificially and naturally
Hatching apparatus
- see Incubator
Hatching jar Incubateur vertical
- vertical apparatus for incubating fish eggs, especially of small size
Hatching pond Etang de reproduction Etang d'alevinage
- pond in which hatching of fish eggs takes place
Hatching trough Bacs de pisciculture Auges de pisciculture
- elongated tray used for hatching fish eggs, especially salmonids
Hatchling Larve de poisson
- fish larva
Haul Coup de filet Pêche
- the fish caught by hauling a net (2)
- the complete operation from setting or shooting a net to picking up or hauling (2)
Hauling in Remontée de filet
- the process of pulling in fishing nets, lines, etc. (2)
Haul seine
- see Beach seine
Head Source Retenue
- the source of a stream
- a body of water kept at a height for supplying a mill, etc.
- the upper end of valley, lake, etc.
Headline Ralingue supérieure
- the rope on which floats are fastened, attached to the upper lip or top edge of a net (2)
Head-race Canal d'amenée
- the channel by which water is led to a water-wheel
Head-rope Ralingue supérieure
- a rope along the top of a fishing-net (40)
Headwater Parcours amont Amont
- the upper part of any flowing water near its source
Heavy fertilization Fertilisation intensive
- intensive fertilization
Hedge Mur
- a wall of wattle-work leading the fish to a trap
Herbivorous fish Poisson herbivore
- fish feeding on plants (14)
High-backed Trapu Ramassé
- referring to the shape of fish having high ratio between height and length of a body
High-protein diet Alimentation riche en protéines
- feeds with high content of proteins
Hinder fin
- see Pelvic fin
Holding pond Etang de stabulation
- pond used to hold fish stock especially the spawning stock
Home range Territoire
- the area used by an individual animal in the normal activites of life, i.e., feeding, breeding, etc. (4)
Homing Homing
- the return of fish to their native spawning grounds (1)
- the return of fish to their last juvenile home waters when they have been transferred from their native river to another, with enough time to be acclimatized to the last one
Hook Hameçon
- a bent and pointed piece of wire, usually barbed, used for catching fish
Hook-and-line gear Engin pourvu d'hameçons
- any fishing gear in which hook is used to catch fish
Hoop net Balance
- more or less conical fish trap typically made of twine mesh hung on round frames and typically having two funnel shaped throats in series (22)
Horizontal incubator Incubateur horizontal
- a box-like incubator for hatching relatively big fish eggs, especially salmonids, in which water flows horizontally
Humic waters
- see Dystrophy
Humus Humus
- partially decomposed organic matter (17)
Hydrogen sulphide Hydrogène sulfuré
- H2S
Hypertrophy Hypertrophie
- pertaining to waters of very high nutrient content (17)
Hypolimnion Hypolimnion
- the portion of deep lakes below the thermocline, which receives no heat from the sun and no aeration by circulation while stratification lasts (4)
- the water mass below the thermocline. In lakes of sufficient depth the water tends to become stratified in summer, with a lower layer or hypolimnion (8)
- that part of the water mass in a lake which is deep and removed from surface influences and generally very low in oxygen (14)
Ice-cover Couche de glace
- a layer of ice formed on the surface of water bodies in winter when air temperature drops below zero
Ice fishing Pêche sous la glace
- fishing through holes cut in the ice (42)
Ice-free Libre de glace
- free from ice, having no ice cover
Ice-house Glacière
- building often partly or wholly underground for storing ice (38)
Imbankment
- see Embankment
Immature Immature
- not developed sexually, not ripe
Immersed Immergé
- being wholly under water
Impaling gear Tout engin empalant le poisson
- any form of gear by means of which a fish is impaled on a sharp shaft (8)
Impoundment Retenue d'eau artificielle Réservoir
- an artificial body of water (53)
Incoming year class Classes de recrutement devenant exploitables
- year clases of fish recruited to fishable stock
Incubate Incuber
- to hold eggs during development (6)
Incubation Incubation
- the act or process of hatching
Incubation period Période d'incubation
- period during which incubation of fish eggs takes place, as in a hatchery
Incubation time Durée d'incubation
- the period during which fish develops inside the egg (36)
Incubator Incubateur
- an apparatus for hatching eggs
Indicator (plants or animals)
- see Biological indicators
Indraft (indraught) Courant d'eau remontant
- an inward flow
Infectious disease Maladie infectieuse
- any disease caused by micro-organisms and easily transmissible from an infected animal to another animal
Infectious dropsy (of carp) Hydropisie infectieuse
- see Septicaemia (of carp)
Inflow
- see Influent
Influent Tributaire Affluent
- flowing in
- also see Affluent
Influx
- see Influent
Inland fisheries Pêches intérieures Pêches continentales
- fisheries carried out in fresh water bodies
Inland waters Eaux intérieures Eaux continentales
- all surface waters, usually fresh, contained within lands
Inlet Entrée d'eau
- an entrance of water, etc.
Inshore Riverain
- on, near, or toward the shore
Intake Prise d'eau
- a place where water is taken into channel, pipe, etc.
- the amount of water so taken
Intensive fish culture Pisciculture intensive
- fish culture requiring high level of expenditures per unit area and hence as a rule giving high fish production and large incomes
Intermediate fishing Pêche d'éclaircie
- fishing carried out on fish-ponds during growing season in order to decrease the density of a stock or to obtain marketable fish
Interspecific Interspécifique
- referring to events or relationships which occur between individuals of different species (4)
Intraspecific Intraspécifique
- referring to events or relationships which occur between individuals of the same species (4)
Irrigation Irrigation
- watering of land artificially
Islet Petite île Ilot
- little island
Jig Leurre
- a fish-hook with a loaded shank
- to fish with a jig
Jigging
- see Trolling
Juveniles Juvéniles
- young stages of animals, usually between the postlarval stages up to the time they become sexually mature (10)
Kelt Bécard
- a mature salmon that has spawned and has not yet recovered its weight or silvery colour (8) or has not yet entered saltwater (54)
- a dark, thin, recently spawned-out (or spent) Atlantic salmon or trout (31)
- a spent or spawned-out migratory trout until re-entry into saltwater or which shows re-growth on scale (55)
Kettle Trou d'eau Poële
- a relatively deep and small part of bottom in a given water body
- the deepest part of a fish-pond usually near the monk
Killing point of temperature Température létale
- temperature at which death of an organism occurs
Kipper Kipper Bécard
- the male salmon or sea trout during or after the spawning season
- a salmon or herring split open, salted and dried
Knotless net Filets sans noeuds
- a net having meshes formed with twisted yarn which is knitted together and not weaved with knots (2)
Lacustrine Lacustre
- pertaining to lakes; also to fishes that live their entire life in quiet waters (lake-dwelling) (8)
Lake Lac
- a considerable inland body or natural enclosed basin of still water
Lake drainage Bassin de réception d'un lac
- catchment area of a lake
Lakeland Région de lacs
- a region abundant in lakes
Lakelet Petit lac
- a small lake
Lam net Battude
- a net into which the fish is frightened by thrashing the water, shouting and striking the boat with a stick, etc. Also called: splash net (2)
Lending-net Epuisette
- a small bag-net used to take big fish from the water when hooked
Large-meshed A larges mailles
- pertaining to fishing-net having relatively big meshes
Large-scale fisheries Pêcheries importantes
- fisheries having significant socio-economic importance
Larva Larve
- an immature stage between the egg and the adult from (6)
- the young of an animal that differs markedly from the adult (18)
- an immature stage between the egg and full development of spines and rays in all fins and ossification of vertebrae
Larval stage Stade larvaire
- period of fishes' life between hatching and full development of spines and rays in all fins and ossification of vertebras
- development stage of insects and some plankton crustaceans
Lateral line Ligne latérale
- a sensory system on the side of the body usually consisting of a canal below the skin that opens to the surface through pores (18)
- series of pore-like openings (to sensory canal) along the sides of a fish (19)
Late-spawning A reproduction tardive
- pertaining to fish which spawns relatively later than usual for a given species
Lay Déposer des oeufs Tendre un filet
- to deposit eggs (as a fish)
- to set a fishing net
Laying Ponte Période de ponte
- the act or time of depositing eggs
Laying out Installation d'un filet
- putting a net into the water for fishing purposes (2)
Laying period
- see Spawning period
Lead
- see Leader
Leader Mur
- in a pound net the fence-like barrier, usually of netting, which hangs vertically in the water, and guides fish towards the trap. Also called: fence, hedging, lead (2)
Leading net
- see Leader
Lead line Ralingue des plombs
- ground rope (2)
- the lower weighted rope of any encircling net or gill net (2)
Leads Plombs
- the lead weights strung on the bottom of the lead line of a net. Also called: weights or sinkers (2)
Leather carp Carpe cuir
- carp having very few scales found generally at the base of the fins (36)
- or no scales at all
Legal-sized fish Poisson de taille légale
- fish of the size permitting its catch according to fishery laws and regulation
Length at recruitment Taille au recrutement
- length at which fish are recruited to fishable stock
Length of shoreline Longueur de rive
- length of the contour of the shoreline, usually measured on a lake map by means of a rotometer (47)
Lentic Lentique
- pertaining to still-water communities (4)
Levee Levée Endiguement
- a natural or artificial waterside embankment, constructed to contain water such as in pond (10)
Lever net
- see Lift net
Lift net Carrelet
- a sheet of netting surrounded by a frame which effects the capture of fish in its tract as the net is lifted vertically. Also called: lever net (2)
Light-fishing Pêche au feu
- fishing methods based on positive phototaxis of several fish species
Lime Chaux
- calcium oxide (CaO), white alkaline substance, obtained by burning limestone
Limestone Calcaire
- any rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate
Liming Chaulage
- application to the soil or water of the element calcium in various forms
Limiting factor Facteur limitant
- a factor that so checks or exerts some restraining influence upon a population through incompatibility with species requirements or tolerance…(23)
- the factor that first stops the growth or spread of the organism…(32)
- any condition which approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance…(33)
Limmetic zone Zone limnétique
- the open water of lake (4)
- ponds and inland seas
Line Ligne
- a cord bearing a hook or hooks, for fishing (40)
Line fish Poisson de ligne
- fish caught with the line (41)
Lining Pêche avec lignes à soutenir
- fishing by means of hand or long lines with baited hooks (2)
Linked ponds Etangs en série
- a number of diversion ponds laying in a series and having common outlet
Liquid fertilizers Engrais liquides
- any fertilizer used in liquid form, e.g., ammonia water
Littoral Littoral
- the shoreward region of a lake (17)
Live bait Appâts vivants
- small fish, worms, etc., used alive as bait in fishing
Live bait tank Vivier pour appâts vivants
- any kind of tank for keeping live bait, especially small fish
Live box Vivier
- receptacle in which crayfish, etc., may be kept alive (2)
Live car Camion vivier
- any kind of vehicle used for transport of live fish
Live storage Stockage de poissons vivants
- storage of live fish
Live weight Poids vif
- weight of live fish
Locating the fish Détection du poisson
- any method by which fish are traced in water
Lock Ecluse
- confined section of canal within which water level changes by the means of sluice-gates, used especially for transferring vessels from one level to another
Long-haul seining Senne de plage (à longue distance)
- a method of fishing a seine with two boats, which head toward the shore where the net is landed by hand (2)
Long line Palangre
- a gear consisting of a main line supporting a large number of baited hooks, carried on short lighter vertical lines (2)
Long-shore Littoral
- belonging to, existing or working along a shore
Loss by evaporation
- see Evaporation loss
Lotic Lotique
- pertaining to swift-water communities (4)
Lower course
- see Bream section
Lower reach
- see Bream section
Lowland river Cours aval d'une rivière
- part of a river which is slow and meandering (in natural conditions) with a muddy bottom and (often) many rooted plants
Lower river
- see Bream section
Low water Basses eaux
- a low stage of the water in a river, lake, etc.
Lure Leurre
- means of alluring animals to be captured; in angling a more general term than bait (40)
Macrophyte Macrophyte
- large plants, macroscopic in size (17)
Main channel
- see Main stream
Main fish Espèce dominante (poisson)
- the most important fish species in a given situation, e.g., in a water-body, catch, etc.
Main line Ligne maîtresse
- part of a long line to which gangen is attached (2)
Main river Principale artère fluviale
- the principal river in given river-system
Main stream Courant principal
- principal current of a flowing course of water (brook, river, etc.)
Maintenance food Ration alimentaire de subsistance
- a certain minimum amount of food required by an animal for the daily repair of muscles, internal organs, and other tissues of the body
Male Mâle
- (fish) producing sperm (milt)
Manure Engrais organique Fumer
- any substance usually of natural origin (as dung, compost, etc.) used as fertilizer
- apply manure to
Manurial salts Sels constituants des engrais
- nutrients, biogenic salts necessary for proper development and growth of plants
Manuring Fumage
- see Fertilisation
Margin Rive
- border between land and water body
Marginal vegetation Végétation riveraine
- plant community occupying transition area between water and land
Mark Marque
- any sign on or inside a fish (excluding tags), which permits to distinguish it from the rest
- see also tag
Marking Marquage
- any procedure which makes fish subsequently identifiable, either as an individual or as a member of a batch, which does not employ the use of tags
- see also tagging
Mark-recapture method Méthode d'inventaire par marquage et recapture
- method to estimate total population number based on the assumption that the proportion of marked fish in a random sample provides an estimate of the proportion marked in the population
Marsh worm Vers de vase
- a worm used in angling, called also blue-head (40)
Marshy Vaseux
- of or like a marsh
Maturing pond Etang de maturation Etang à reproducteurs
- pond in which breeders are kept before spawning in order to obtain sexual maturity
Maturity Maturité
- see Sexually active period
Maturity coefficient Coefficient de maturité
- the weight of the gonad as a percentage of the weight of the whole body or of the gutted weight, i.e., the weight of the body without its internal organs (25)
Maximum potential yield Optimum de captures
- the largest maintained harvest that can be removed from an area under best population and environmental conditions (32)
Maximum standing crop Stock maximal
- the maximum abundance of the organisms, e.g., fish which can be sustained by a given water body, being in balance without gain or loss in weight
Mean daily temperature Température journalière moyenne
- an average value of several temperature measurements taken at different times of a day
Mean depth (of a lake) Profondeur moyenne (d'un lac)
- a relationship between volume and area of a lake (23)
Mean water Débit moyen
- average discharge of a river (49)
Mere Lac Etang
- a sheet of shallow standing water, a pool, sometimes a marsh
Mesh Maille
- one of the open spaces between the cords of a net
- to entangle in a net
Marsh Marécage
- low-land wet ground, subject to daily or seasonal flooding, usually watery at all times
Meshing Maillé
- when fish are held fast in the meshes (2)
Mesh size Dimension des mailles
- the dimension of the mesh, from the centre of one knot to the centre of the next diagonally opposite knot (2)
Mesotrophic Mésotrophique
- descriptive of a type of lake more or less intermediate in characteristics between oligotrophic and eutrophic (8)
Mesotrophy Mésotrophie
- pertaining to waters of intermediate concentration of nutrients (17)
Metalimnion Métalimnion
- the layer of water between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion in which the temperature exhibits the greatest vertical rate of change, also more frequently termed the thermocline (17)
- the zone in which temperature decreases rapidly with depth in a lake when it is thermally stratified in summer (35)
Midlake Milieu de lac
- in the middle part of a lake
Middle course Cours moyen (d'une rivière)
- the stretch of a stream lying between its upper and lower part, usually below trout- and above bream-zone
Middle reach
- see Middle course
Midstream Ligne médiane (d'une rivière)
- in the middle part of a stream
Mid-water Mi-profondeur d'un plan d'eau
- the middle portion of the water vertically (10)
Migrate Migrer
- to move periodically from one habitat to another
Migrate down-stream Migrer vers l'aval
- pertaining to fish migration with the current of a stream
Migrate up-stream Migrer vers l'amont
- pertaining to fish migration against the current of a stream
Migration Migration
- the movements of fish from feeding ground to spawning ground and back again, from nursery ground to feeding ground, and from spawning ground to nursery ground (1)
Migratory fish Poisson migrateur
- fish having the habit of migration
Mill-dam Barrage de moulin
- dam across the stream to raise its level and make water available for mill
Mill-pond Retenue d'eau d'un moulin
- the water retained above a mill-dam (40)
Mill-race Canal d'amenée d'un moulin
- the canal or the current of water for driving a mill-wheel (37)
Milt Laitance Féconder
- the roe or spawn of the male fish
- to impregnate with milt
Milter Mâle
- a male fish especially in spawning time
Milt roe Laitance
- milt or sperm of a male fish
Minimum protein level Taux minimal de protéines
- level of proteins in a diet assuring proper development of fish and commercial production at the lowest costs
Minimum size Taille légale minimale
- the size below which it is illegal for anybody to possess or sell fish…except by special permit (10)
Minnow Vairon
- a small fish common all over Europe, Leuciscus phoxinus, loosely applied to any tiny fishes (37)
Minnow-sized Petit (de taille)
- small (to fish)
Minnow zone (reach)
- see Grayling section
Mirror carp Carpe miroir
- carp having scales of different sizes on its sides and generally one row of scales high on its back (36)
Mixed culture Elevage mixte
- rearing of fish of different age and size or different species in the same water body
Mixed fertilizers Engrais composés
- the term indicates more than one of the three major nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (26)
Mixing rate (of water body) Vitesse de mélange Vitesse de brassage
- speed with which water masses of a given reservoir are mixed especially during seasonal circulation
Monk Moine
- device controlling the outlet of water from a fish-pond
Mortality Mortalité
- the number of deaths in a given area or period
Mortality rate Taux de mortalité
- death rate
Moult Mue
- periodic shedding of the outer covering, such as the exoskeleton in the Arthropoda (10)
Mouth Embouchure Orifice
- the outfall of a river
- the opening or entrance of anything, e.g., drain, trap-net, etc.
Muck Fange
- black, completely decomposed organic material (16)
Mud Vase Boue
- wet soft soil or earthy matter, mire (39)
Muddy Vaseux Boueux
- like, covered with, abounding in, mud (38)
Mud-fish Poissons d'eaux vaseuses
- any of several fishes which frequent muddy water or burrow in the mud (40)
Mud-living Vasicole
- living in mud
Natural feeding Se nourrissant d'aliments naturels
- pertaining to or of fishes which feed on natural food
Natural food Aliments naturels
- all nutritive organisms naturally present in water environment on which fishes feed
Natural growth increment Croissance due aux aliments naturels
- in pond fish-culture that part of growth which is due to natural food
Natural mortality Mortalité naturelle
- the loss in numbers in a year class from one age group to the subsequent one, due to natural death (1)
- deaths from all causes except man's fishing, including senility, epidemics, pollution, etc. (27)
Natural reproduction Reproduction naturelle
- reproduction occuring naturally without the aid of man
Natural stocking rate Taux de repeuplement d'entretien
- stocking rate calculated only on the basis of biogenic capacity of a water body
Nauplius Nauplius
- first in a series of larval phases in Crustaces (30)
Navigable water Eau navigable
- a stream or body of water which can be used by ships or boats
Neritic Néritique
- of or pertaining to the coastline or to shallow water (42)
Net Filet
- fabric knotted into meshes by continuously joining one row of loops to another (2)
Net-day Captures journalières au filet
- daily application or a daily catch of a net especially when used as a measure of fishing intensity, etc.
Net depth Chute du filet
- in a completed net of specific design the distance from the headline to the ground rope, usually designated by the number of meshes (2)
Net-fishing Pêche au filet
- catching of fish with the use of nets
Net haul
- see Haul
Net mending Réparation des filets
- reparation of nets, usually manual
Net plankton Plancton capturable au filet
- the organisms of the plankton which are of such size that they can be strained from the water by means of a net (17)
Net preservation Conservation des filets
- different processes aimed at protecting the nets from harmful influence of surrounding environment
Net primary production Production primaire nette
- gross primary production with correction made for respiration (17)
Net room Magasin pour filets
- specially designed room (chamber) for all kinds of net works such as mending, preservation, etc.
Netting Pêche au filet Filets de pêche Confection du filet
- the practice or right of fishing with a net
- the making of a net
- nets used for fishing
Netting twine Fil pour filet
- cord used to make fishing nets
Neuston Neuston
- organisms which are associated with the surface film of water (4)
- the community of organisms which live on the surface film of the water (17)
Nibble Mordillage de l'hameçon
- the act or fact of nibbling, of fish at bait
Niche Niche
- the term used in an abstract and purely intensive sense to designate the requirement of an organism abstracted from the spatially extended habitat (47)
Non-harvestable Non exploitable (commercialement)
- pertaining to fish stock (or its part) not available for commercial use
Non-predatory fishes Poissons non prédateurs
- fishes that as a rule do not feed on other fishes
Non-selective feeding Alimentation non sélective
- way of feeding in which no choice of a given kind of food or/and food organisms occurs
Non-spawner Adulte mature qui ne se reproduit pas
- any mature fish which does not spawn
Number of recruits, (annual) recruitment Recrutement annuel
- number of fish entering the exploitable phase of a stock in a given period (51)
Nuptial dress
- see Breeding colour
Nuptial tubercles Tubercules nuptiaux
- small often pimple-like projections that occur on head or body or lower fins of males of some species during breeding period (19)
Nursery Nursery
- an establishment for rearing early stages of fish
Nursery pond Etang d'alevinage
- rearing pond in the first year of productional cycle stocked with fry from the spawning pond or other hatching implement
Nutrient Elément nutritif
- a substance usable in metabolism; a metabolite; includes inorganic materials and organic materials (foods) (30)
Nutrition Nutrition
- term generally used to include the various processes concerned with the securing, digestion, and utilization of food substances (48)
Nutritional requirements Besoins nutritifs
- number and quality of complex organic compounds and mineral salts in the diet necessary for optimal development and reproduction of an animal
Offshore Au large
- at a distance or away from the shore
Offspring Progéniture
- production or result of any kind
- progeny
Offtake Canal d'évacuation
- a channel by which water, sewage, etc., is taken off
Old arm
- see cut-off lake
Oligotrophic Oligotrophe
- pertaining to waters which are poor in nutritive materials and which do not produce abundant organisms in relation to their volume. They contain abundant oxygen in their lower regions (4)
- descriptive of a type of lake characterized by a low ratio of volume of epilimnion to hypolimnion, by low rate of sedimentation and by low productivity (8)
- waters with low concentrations of nutrients (17)
Oligotrophy Oligotrophie
- pertaining to waters with low concentration of nutrients (17)
Omnivore Omivore
- an animal which eats a wide variety of food (4)
- an animal which may subsist on plant foods, animal foods, or both (30)
Omnivorous Omnivore
- feeding on both plants and animals
One-year-old fish Poisson d'un an
- see Yearling
On the feed En quête de nourriture
- fish feeding or looking out for food
Open boat Bateau non ponté
- undecked boat
Open lake Lac ayant un émissaire
- lake which possesses any form of an outlet
Open season Saison d'ouverture de la pêche
- season when fishing may be carried out without prohibition
Open water Pleine eau Eau libre de glace
- mid-part of water body
- water free from ice
Open waters Eaux fluviales et lacustres (non closes)
- traditional term used to denote flowing waters and inland reservoirs possessing an outlet, with exception of fish ponds
Organic manure Fumure organique Fumier
- fertilizer composed of organic matter
Otolith Otolithe
- earstone, used by fish for its sense of balance. There is one in each plane of the semi-circular canals on each side of the head, making six in all. Fishery biologists use the biggest ones to determine the age of fishes (1)
- earstone, a calcareous concretion in the internal ear (16)
Otter Pater-noster Loutre
- fishing-tackle consisting usually of a float with line and several hooks
- Lutra vulgaris, aquatic mammal feeding on fish
Outfall Evacuation
- the point of discharge of water, sewer, etc.
Outflow Emissaire
- flowing out
- efflux
- amount of water, etc. flowing out
Outlet Emissaire
- an exit of water, etc.
Outlet box
- see Monk
Outlying tackle Engin de pêche immergé
- fishing tackle set in the water
Ovary Ovaire
- the envelope enclosing the ova of fish
Overcrowding Surpeuplement
- a term usually used to denote abnormal quantitative development of a population of given species resulting from disturbing proper state of balance in a biocenosis
Overfall Déversoir
- a structure for the overflow of water, when it reaches a certain level
Overfeeding Suralimentation
- excessive feeding leading either to abnormalities of growth and development, or not being advantageous economically
Overfishing Surexploitation
- when more weight of fish are removed from a body of water in a single season than can be replaced through growth and recruitment, before the following season, the body of water is said to be overfished (3)
- fishing with a sufficiently high intensity, or sufficiently high on certain portions of a population, to reduce the continuous annual surplus that it should be capable of producing (8)
Overflow Trop plein
- water flowing from a water-reservoir when filled beyond its capacity
Overgrow Croître exagérément Recouvrir
- to grow over, to cover with
- to grow too large
Overpopulation Surpopulation
- a level of abundance so high as to militate against future abundance, or actually to invite self-destruction (8)
Overstock Repeupler de façon exagérée
- to stock in excess of the carrying capacity of a water body
Overturn Circulation Inversion
- the mixing of the waters of a lake in the temperate zone when the summer thermal stratification ends. Most northern lakes also experience a spring overturn (8)
- the period of mixing of previously stratified water masses which occur in the spring and autumn when water temperatures in the lake are uniform (17)
Overwinter Hiverner
- to keep during winter
Oviposition Ponte
- laying eggs
Ovum Ovule
- egg of fish, especially when in the cvary
Oxbow Méandre en U d'une rivière
- a bow-shaped bend in a river
Oxidation-reduction potential Potential d'oxydoréduction
- see Redox potential
Oxygenation of water Oxygénation de l'eau
- any method of introducing air into the water
Oxygen deficit Dêficit en oxygène
- the difference between observed oxygen concentrations and the amount that would be present at 100 percent saturation (17)
Oxygen-poor layer
- see Tropholytic layer
Oxygen requirements Besoins en oxygène
- amount of oxygen dissolved in water necessary for life and optimal development of an organism
Oxygen-rich layer
- see Trophogenic layer
Pair trawl (net) Chalut boeuf
- trawl-shaped net towed by two boats
Pan fish Poisson de taille à être frit entier
- any little fish that can be fried whole (42)
Parallel ponds Etangs en parallèle
- a number of diversion ponds, each one having an individual inlet and outlet of water
Parasite Parasite
- an organism which lives in or on another organism and derives subsistence from it without rendering it any service in return (6)
- an organism living in or on another organism and drawing its food directly from it (14)
- an organism which lives in or on another organismederives from it its subsistence temporarily or during all its life, without destroying it except in relatively rare occasions
Parasitic disease Maladie parasitaire
- disease caused by parasites, e.g., Ichthyophthirius, Ligula, etc.
- disease caused by parasites; commonly this term is limited to diseases caused by protozoa, helminths, ectoparasites and, according to some authors, parasitic fungus
Parent population Population d'origine
- any population considered as a source or origin in relation to the analysed one
Parr Alevin Tocan Parr
- life stages, for salmon and migratory trout (54, 55) as follows:
stage from dispersal from reddto migration as smolt
0+ parr : parr less than 1 year old
1+ parr : parr 1 year or over but less than 2 years
2+ parr : parr 2 years or over but less than 3 years
3+ parr : parr 3 years or over but less than 4 years, etc.
precocious parr : male parr fully ripened or matured in fresh water
partially silvered parr : parr that are partially silvered and migrating downstream
prior to the normal smolt run
