ROMANIA(continue)

7. FISH AND FISHERIES

Romania has about 77 species of fresh- and brackishwater fishes (Bănărescu, 1967), of which 76 species are found in the Romanian sector of the Danube and its lagoons (Bacalbaşa et al., 1984). Busnita (1967) lists 66 full species of fish belonging to 19 families from the Romanian Danube. There is a large variety: strictly freshwater mountain species such as the brown trout (Salmo trutta) and grayling (Thymallus thymallus), a large assemblage of cyprinids, a good many percids, six species of sturgeons (of which two are no longer caught), and euryhaline fishes such as shad (Alosa spp.), Gingirică (Clupeonella cultriventris), and the grey mullets. In addition to the native fishes, a number of others have been imported to be cultivated for food or stocked for angling. (See Bacalbaşa-Dobrovici, 1984, for an account of introductions into Romania, including the unwanted American pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), and some coregonids (Coregonus spp.) The fishes of major importance will be discussed in the sections that follow.

Table 6 illustrates the commercial catch from the inland waters sensu strictu of Romania as reported to FAO by the Government during the period 1965–85. Table 7, from the same source, shows the Romanian inland catches during the 1981–88 period. The catches for these last seven years have been separated from those of previous years because they show a new and major breakdown of species not shown in earlier statistics. To complete the picture, by showing the catch in coastal waters of fishes that tolerate both fresh and salt water, Table 8 is included to show the Romanian catch during 1965–87 of euryhaline and diadromous fishes in marine statistical area 37, Mediterranean and Black Sea, in this case only the Black Sea.

Unfortunately, here as for many other countries, the lumping in FAO statistics of several wild species, as well as the inclusion of cultivated fish with wild fish lessens the usefulness of these tables. The overall importance of inland fisheries in Romania is, however, easily seen by noting the catch figures in Table 7 for 1981. In that year, the commercial “catch” in inland waters constituted 85 percent of the Romanian catch in all of its fresh, brackish, and contiguous marine (Black Sea) waters, and 29 percent of the entire catch by the country, including that by its distant water fleet.

Table 6

Nominal catches in the inland waters of Romania, 1965–85 (in tons)

^a Included with freshwater fishes, n.e.i., 1965–69
... Data not available
0 Probably nil, negligible, or insignificant; or less than 50 t during the 1965–73 period, or less than half a ton during later years.
- This category not listed this year
n.e.i. Not elsewhere included

Source: 1965–69 - Yearb.Fish.Stat.FAO, 36 (Publ. 1974)
1970–83 - FAO Fish, Dept. Fishery Statistical Database (FISHDAB)
1984–85 - FAO.Yearb.Fish.Stat., 66 (Publ. 1990)

Table 7

Nominal catches in the inland waters of Romania, 1981–87 (in tons)

n.e.i. not elsewhere indicated
... not available
- not represented

Source: 1981–83 - FAO Fish.Dept.Fishery Statistical Database (FISHDAB)
1984–87 - Yearb.Fish.Stat.FAO, 64 (Publ. 1989)

Table 8

Nominal catches of diadromous and euryhaline species in Marine Statistical Fishing Area 37 (Black Sea only) by Romania, 1965–87 (in tons)

0 Probably nil, negligible or insignificant; or less than 50 t during the 1965–73 period, or less than half a ton during later years
- This category not listed this year

Source:   1965–69 - Yearb.Fish.Stat.FAO, 36 (Publ. 1974
1970–83 - FAO Fish.Dept.Fishery Statistical Database (FISHDAB)
1984–87 - Yearb.Fish.Stat. FAO, 64 (Publ. 1989)

7.1 Capture Fisheries

7.1.1 Commercial fishing

The major commercial fisheries are centred on the Danube and its overflow areas, the Delta and some of its former lagoons. About seven families of the almost 70 species found here are of commercial importance.

In the main channel of the Danube and its arms, the major species taken are: Pontic or Black Sea shad (Alosa pontica), several species of sturgeon (Huso and Acipenser), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), European catfish (Silurus glanis), and pike-perch (Stizostedion lucioperca). Bacalbaşa (1970) states that about 1 000 t of these and other species are taken annually from the main river and about 10 500 t of fish from the natural areas of inundation above the Delta. But by about 1979, only about 1 500 t were taken from the latter areas (pers. comm. from Bacalbaşa-Dobrovici, 1989). At low water there was also a fishery for mussels (Unio and Anodonta) whose shells were used for buttons.

In the Delta itself, the most important fish in recent years is a subspecies of the goldfish, the “giebel” or silver crucian carp, known in Romania as caras-arqintui (Carassius auratus), which now ranks second in Romania's inland water “catch” (the latter including aquacultural production). Other important fish in this area are pike-perch, European catfish, common carp, bream (Abramis brama), and at low water, pike (Esox lucius), roach (Rutilus sp.) and rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus). Pontic shad enter the river mouths during the spring. In years of high water, favourable to the development of common carp, the catch in the Delta may rise to about 12 000 t of which the most valuable are the carp and pike-perch. Frogs (Rana) and crayfish are also taken in the Delta, mostly for export trade.

There was also some commercial fishing in the hill and plateau areas of other rivers where the principal fishes taken are the: nase (Chondrostoma nasus), barbels (Barbus barbus and B. meridionalis), moruna (Vimba vimba), dace (Leuciscus cephalus), breams (Abramis spp.), pike and European catfish. The yield is about 25 kg/km (Bacalbaşa, 1970). Some of these rivers are stocked artifically with barbels, Vimba, dace, common carp, crucian carp, pike-perch and pike, which are currently expoited by sport fishermen.

There is also some commercial fishing in reservoir lakes. It has been slow to develop in those at high elevations because of the newness of most of them. In lower reservoirs there is a fishery which was producing over 300 kg/ha annually circa 1970, and the reservoir Iron Gate I was producing some 150 t circa 1979. The new reservoir Iron Gate II is smaller (8 000 ha) and with a similar production per hectar (Bacalbaşa-Dobrovici, pers. comm., 1979).

Like the floodplain fisheries of other Danube countries, some very specialized fishing gear using local materials, such as wood and reeds, has been developed. It is now being supplanted by more modern gear, including pond nets often made of synthetic material. Methods differ depending upon the species sought, season and hydrographic conditions. Seines are customary gear for shallow lakes. Hoopnets, traps, trammel and gillnets, trawls, seines and hook and line are all employed, and some devices, such as fish barriers in the Danube lakes are installed on a semi-permanent basis. Shad and sturgeons are also fished in the Black Sea (see Bacalbaşa 1970 for further details).

7.1.2 Sport fishing

The mountain rivers are reserved almost exclusively for sport fishing. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) occupy about 65 percent of their extent and grayling (Thymallus thymallus) about 6 percent. Other resident salmonids are the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), the introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the American brook trout or char (Salvelinus fontinalis).

About 20 percent of the mountain rivers are populated by cyprinids, especially dace, barbels and nase, which compete with the salmonids and in some areas are being removed as a measure to improve sport fishing.

The mountain lakes and reservoirs containing salmonids are also used primarily for sport fishing.

The streams of the tablelands and plains are also used mainly for sport fishing although they are dominated by cyprinids. Dace, barbels, nase, Vimba, European catfish and pike are the major species; common and crucian carp and pike-perch are also residents. Natural propagation in both streams and lakes is supplemented by stocking.

There is also sport fishing in the Delta where people are increasingly attracted by its unique scenery and wildlife populations.

The number of sport fishermen in 1990 exceeded 200 000, representing about 1 percent of the total population. They are organized and directed by the General Association of Hunters and Sport Fishermen which is also occupied with the systematic stocking of fishing waters (see section 8.2).

7.2 Aquaculture

Aquaculture has a long history in Romania especially as practised on the Transylvanian and Moldavian plains in ponds used for watermills. Lakes for this dual purpose still exist in large numbers in these areas, and the diking of overflow zones and drying up of natural lakes has hastened the development of aquaculture in floodplain areas.

Circa 1970, there were about 12 ha of trout ponds in the mountainous areas of Romania which produced more than 20 t of trout annually (Bacalbaşa, 1970). Salmonid fry were also raised to repopulate natural waters. Since 1969, the “catch” of trout in Romania has been reported by FAO (Tables 6 and 7) as varying between 100 t in 1976 and 561 t in 1987. More than 90 percent of the total is from aquaculture in gorges and ponds.

Numercially, the majority of the Romanian fish-culture ponds are, however, located in the hill zones and until recently were devoted primarily to production of common carp. They are of two types: diked ponds, and those situated behind dams in natural water courses. Most of the diked ponds, which circa 1970 had a total area of over 2 000 ha, are more than 20 ha in size. A number are over 100 ha and one of the oldest, Cefa on the Western Plain, covers 668 ha. Large ponds include: Tamasda (210 ha), Inand (170 ha), Ineu (160 ha) and Homorog (105 ha). With a natural productivity of about 300–500 kg/ha annually, when the fish in these ponds are fed the annual production exceeds 1 000 kg/ha and attains 3 000 kg/ha annually in the better ponds.

Simple ponds in natural watercourses have existed in Romania since the 12th century. The majority of these are in Moldavia and Walachia. Their total extent, circa 1970, exceeded 16 000 ha. According to Bacalbaşa (1970) they had a mean annual yield of more than 400 kg/ha, and he believed that this yield could be doubled or even tripled.

The overflow areas of the Danube also support pondfish culture whose yield greatly exceeds that of its natural waters. In some areas, the deepest portions of the old lakes are managed as fish hatcheries and ponds. For example, a fish pond of 2 000 ha has been laid out in the old lake of Brates (originally 7 400 ha) and in other old lakes such as Jijila, Suhaia and Bistret, whose surface areas attain 8 000 ha.

The deltaic region of the Danube also supports pondfish culture to repopulate fishing areas. The ponds of Stipoc (more than 1 400 ha) produce an annual crop of 1 500 kg/ha. The Delta ponds presently extend over more than 30 000 ha.

Much of the above information on aquaculture has been derived from Bacalbaşa (1970) and information which he furnished me in 1979. Negoescu (1984) has a considerable discussion of the most recent status of aquaculture in Romania; some of his major points are summarized below. He indicates that decided attempts are being made to intensify aquacultural production through research in three regional centres dependent administratively on the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry and scientifically on the Academy of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (see section 8). Principal objects of piscicultural research include: genetic selection, introduction of exotic species, culturing of some local species not used extensively before, increased use of polyculture, use of cages, use of hot water from industry and thermal areas, feeding, mechanization and intensification of cultivation in reservoirs.

Selected strains of common carp have produced first-year fish of 15–150 g, second-year fish of 800–1 500 g, and monocultural yields of 2 000–3 000 kg/ha. Research on Romanian hill reservoirs (see section 5.3) with polyculture (using mixtures where 60 percent of the fish were consumers of phytoplankton) produced annual yields of 1 000 kg/ha for unfed fish and yields of 1 500–2 000 kg/ha with feeding.

In addition to the traditionally cultivated common carp, Romania has imported four species of Chinese carp: the bighead (Aristichthys nobilis), grass carp (Ctenopharynqodon idella), silver carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix) and the black or snail carp (Mylopharynqodon piceus). These carps have been stocked and captured in open waters. Since 1986 both bighead and silver carp have been observed to spawn in the Danube (Bacalbaşa-Dobrovici, pers. comm.). Romania has also imported the American channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the American buffalo-fishes (Ictiobus cyprinellus, I. bubalus and I. niger). Native fishes added to the list of those cultured are the tench, European catfish and pike-perch. Sturgeon have also been cultivated at Sf. Gheorghearm in the Delta and in Galati.

The latest information on aquaculture in Romania available to the author comes from: (i) Ackefors (1989) who estimated that the country had 60 000 ha of fish ponds, and (ii) the production shown in Table 9.

Table 9

Production from aquaculture in Romania, 1986–89 (in tons)

F- FAO estimate

Source: FAO Info. Data and Stat.Serv. (1991)

8. OWNERSHIP, ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT, INVESTIGATION AND AGREEMENTS¹

¹ Based primarily on Gaudet (1974) plus a revision received by EIFAC from Romania in 1979. This section is probably not up-to-date

8.1 Ownership

In Romania, the fisheries are state property. Most of the fishermen are paid a fixed salary or one depending upon the size of the job. Some of the fish ponds, lakes and small reservoirs on the plains belong to agricultural cooperatives, others to cities.

8.2 Administration, Management and Investigation

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry is responsible for coordinating all fishery activities in Romania.

The Ministry of the Environment is concerned with some of the smaller parts of the fishery programme.

8.2.1 The administration of inland fisheries is divided into three general sectors:

1. Inland Fisheries except the Delta. These are divided into about 30 joint-stock companies which are involved in construction, fish culture, management, canning, fishing regulations and protection. The Scientific Research Section of Nucet (region of Dîmbovița) was (in 1979) concerned with fishery science and aquaculture for all the area. The Research Station of Nucet is one of the four regional centres in Romania conducting research on fish production. The two others are the Station of Research and Fish Production of Podu-lloaiei (region of lasi), the station of Piatra-Neamt (region of Neamt), and the Centre of Research and Production for fish culture, fishing and Industrialization (Galati). These stations are loosely coordianted by a small unit in the Department of Food Industries.

2. The Biosphere Reservation Danube Delta. This is coordinated by a Governor who also coordinates a Research and Fish Culture Projects Institute which undertakes the preparation for all Delta ecological fish management and ecological fish culture projects. A Project Preparation Section looks after the Delta and the former lagoons. A Scientific Research Section is concerned with hydrochemistry, biology, fishery science and aquaculture for the Delta and the former lagoons as well as with fishing methods and gear. Exploitation of the Delta is carried out by joint stock (at present 8) companies coordinated through the Tulcea prefecture.

3. Research sector. In addition to the research carried out as described above, technical research on food with respect to fisheries is carried out by the Fish Industrialization Laboratory of the Ministry's Institute for Food Research.

The Oceanic Fisheries Sector is also concerned with fishing nets. There is also collaboration in research with the Universities of Galati and lasi.

8.2.2 The following agencies also have a share in fishery activities:

1. Ministry of the Environment. This Ministry through its Forestry Department, is in charge of trout culture in mountain streams, lakes and reservoirs. It coordinates and supervises all activities relating to salmoniculture and sport fishing throughout the country, and coordinates the activities of the General Association of Hunters and Sport Fishermen.

2. The Water Department. This Department of the Ministry of the Environment administers the reservoirs for water supply and the artificial regularization lakes.

3. Prefectures. The Prefectures are concerned with the administration and funding of local agricultural and industrial resources and the local enterprises that run fish culture units. They collaborate with pertinent agencies in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry and the Ministry of the Environment.

4. Ministry of Public Instruction and Science. This Ministry is concerned with fishery education and partly with scientific research.

8.2.3 There is at least one journal devoted exclusively to fisheries.

8.3 International Agreements

Romania has a bilateral agreement with Hungary concerning uses of their boundary streams, one with former Yugoslavia concerning its boundary streams, another with Bulgaria concerning the Danube and agreement with the Republics of Moldavia and Ukraine concerning flood control on boundary streams and technical cooperation concerning the Danube and Prut rivers.

It has a quinque-lateral agreement concerning the Tisza River with Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Ukraine and former Yugoslavia.

Romania also belongs to the international Danube Commission which deals with navigation and related problems on the Danube River and has participants from all the Danube countries.

In 1958 it signed the Convention on Fisheries of the Danube to take joint action to protect the river's fish stocks; other adherents are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Ukraine and former Yugoslavia.

The International Association of the Research of the Danube (affiliated with the International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology) was formed in 1956 as a non-governmental organization of all riparian countries.

9. STATE OF THE FISHERY

9.1 Yield

Tables 6 and 7 show a steadily increasing total yield of finfish captured from Romania's inland waters or produced through aquaculture: from 21 200 t in 1965 to 66 865 t in 1987. Although the relative roles of these two sources cannot be distinguished in these statistics, it is evident that common carp and goldfish (both wild and cultivated) now account for the greater part of the total harvest, 75 percent in 1988.

The yields from natural waters or low-lying reservoirs appear to be reasonable ones. Carp pond culture yields are not exceptional but measure up well for waters of Central or Eastern Europe.

Bacalbașa (1970) stated that the annual yield in the lower reservoirs was then about 300 kg/ha and that the commercial fishery (primarily of valued species) was 20 kg/ha/year in the main Danube and about 22 kg/ha/year in its overflow area. In the Delta in 1986, 32 685 ha of ponds were in use and produced 11 038 t of fish at an average yield of 338 kg/ha. This is approximately ten times greater than the yield of the capture fishery of the open delta. It has been determined that small polyculture ponds, without supplementary feeding can produce upto 900 kg/ha. With supplementary feeding these ponds could achieve yields in excess of 1 500 kg/ha (Bacalbașa-Dobrovici, 1990).

He also reported that yields in diked carp ponds were about 300–500 kg/ha/year and with feeding increased to 1 000 and sometimes to 2 000 kg/ha/year. Experimental work in Romania mentioned by Negoescu (1982) indicate that much larger yields can be attained: 2 000–3 000 kg/ha/year for fed carp and 1 500–2 000 kg/ha/year for fed fish in polycultures.

If we assume for Romania that the estimate of fish pond area (60 000 ha circa 1989) by Ackefors (1989) and FAO's estimate (Table 9) of an aquacultural production of about 40 000 t are both accurate (and we have no good reason to assume that this is true), then they aquacultural yield of finfish circa 1989 in Romania was about 666 kg/ha/year.

9.2 Factors Affecting the Fishery

The climatic and hydrographic conditions in Romania provide a wide variety of fishes from the salmonids of clear cold mountain streams to the silt and warm-water tolerant fishes of the Delta and a small complement of brackishwater species. However, aside from the abundance of fishing waters in the Danube, its overflow plain and the Delta, most Romania rivers do not offer great opportunities for food fish production. The mountain streams where water quality is good are also small and used primarily for sport fishing. The lower streams are subject to great fluctuation and are often silty. The topography does not lend itself to navigation canals. Natural mountain lakes are few in number and small. Fish production in reservoirs is, therefore, more important in Romania than in many other European countries.

The water courses of the country have, in general, a high self-purification capacity because of their turbulent flow, high velocity, shallow depth and the prevailing climate. And even on the major river, the Danube, the retardation of industrial development over its entire basin has minimized water pollution until recently. However, the level of eutrophication is high and conditions are not favourable with respect to fish production as determined by water quality. The total annual runoff of about 192 000 million m³ amounts to an average runoff per caput per year of about 8 369 m³. Used as a measure of possible effluent dilution, however, this is a very misleading figure since most of this flow is represented by that of the main Danube. If one considers only the runoff originating in Romania (37 000 million m³ annually), the average runoff per caput per year is only about 1 613 m³. When one further considers that population is rather evenly distributed throughout Romania, and that for social reasons the Government dispersed new industries widely, the opportunity for dilution of pollution load is slight. Vita (1990) states that 65 percent of the river water is unfit for drinking, this does not, however, make it unsuitable for fish production.

The necessity for irrigation in Romania makes great claims on water, and most of the conduits, many of which are underground or concrete, do not lend themselves to fishing. Fortunately, many of the irrigation reservoirs are also used for fish production. Similarly, although drainage, revetments, diking, etc., have had severe effects on the natural fisheries, they have been compensated for to some extent by utilization of remaining areas for fish culture.

Coupled with the use of the new large reservoirs in the mountains for fish production as well as hydropower, Romanian reservoir development has probably aided rather than hindered fishery development. An exception is made with respect to the sturgeon fishery which was in decline and the construction of barrages (e.g., the 24-m dam at Iron Gate I) in the Danube drainage accelerated the depletion of these stocks.

Economic conditions as well as lack of facilities for transport lessens the mobility of anglers in Romania. Hence their opportunities are minimized and their fishing tends to be rather localized. Fishing for food fish in inland waters and fish culture have both been traditional activities in the country, and their progression has been aided by active governmental interest.

9.3 Prospect

Through possession of its great deltaic area, the Danubian fisheries of Romania have a greater chance of survival than those of the upper Danube countries, and it is in the Delta and other areas of inundation that the greatest potentialities for Romania's inland capture fisheries still lie. Furthermore, the critical condition of the Black Sea fisheries and the lessening opportunities for expansion of Romania's distant-water marine fishery operations forces continued attention on its fresh water fisheries.

Part of this is due to the Government's interest in obtaining self-sufficiency in fish supplies to reduce the need for costly imports. This is being accomplished in part by introducing new gear and techniques to replace the traditional reed and wooden traps, and training scientists and technicians. If such means can be coupled with maintenance of stream and lake levels and provision of water of good quality, the prospect is favourable.

In the past, hydroelectric development in Romania has been relatively slow because of its initial expense and the country's abundance of fossil fuels. But the total potential for hydropower is high and as more mountain reservoirs are constructed, there will be increased fish production even with the elimination of some stream fishing. It is anticipated that Romania will increase its reservoir storage by five times (ECE, 1978). With additional reservoir construction for flood control and irrigation on Romanian rivers with uneven flow, and especially when associated with aquaculture, fish production will also increase.

Aquaculture is now in a vigorous stage, and its development in Romania will increase with emphasis on modernity, such as a change from monoculture to polyculture, in its application.

Development of sport fishing is not envisioned to be high but, as in other European countries whether western or eastern - it will grow as a principal outdoor activity.

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