Cambio Climático, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición
El cambio climático afecta directamente a la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición de millones de personas, socavando los actuales esfuerzos para hacer frente a la subalimentación y golpeando sobre todo a los más pobres, especialmente mujeres y niños. Afecta a los medios y estilos de vida de la gente de diferentes formas. Agricultores, pastores, habitantes de los bosques y pescadores se enfrentan ya a más retos en la producción y recolección de alimentos debido a los patrones cambiantes del clima, entre ellos la pluviometría irregular. A corto plazo, los efectos pueden vincularse a fenómenos meteorológicos extremos que contribuyen a la pérdida de vidas humanas, inseguridad alimentaria, enfermedad y discapacidad, aumentando el desplazamiento de la población y creando inseguridad. A más largo plazo, el cambio climático afecta a los recursos naturales y por lo tanto, la disponibilidad y el acceso a los alimentos, pero también a la salud del medio ambiente y el acceso a la atención médica. En las zonas más afectadas, estos efectos a largo plazo pueden conducir a la migración transitoria o permanente, que a menudo deja detrás a hogares encabezados por mujeres.
El cambio climático es visto por ello como un importante “multiplicador del riesgo de hambre”. De hecho, algunas previsiones estiman que resultará en 24 millones más de niños malnutridos en 2050, casi la mitad de ellos en África subsahariana. La mala salud y la subalimentación, socavan a su vez la resiliencia de las personas ante las variaciones del clima y a su capacidad de adaptación.
El cambio climático agravará la crisis de la subalimentación a través de tres vías causales principales:
- Impactos en el acceso de las familias a alimentos suficientes, inocuos y adecuados;
- impactos sobre las prácticas de atención y alimentación infantil; e
- impactos sobre la salud ambiental y el acceso a servicios de servicios sanitarios.
A menos que se tomen medidas severas, y los países reduzcan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y aumenten la eliminación de estos gases de la atmósfera, será cada vez más difícil y costoso adaptarse al cambio climático.
La agricultura climáticamente inteligente es una de las soluciones que se han propuesto para combatir el cambio climático. Es un enfoque que trata de combinar la seguridad alimentaria y el desarrollo, la adaptación al cambio climático, así como la reducción y eliminación de emisiones, siempre que sea posible. Transformar la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios para que puedan ser climáticamente inteligentes de verdad, teniendo también en cuenta las consideraciones de nutrición, no será una tarea fácil. Hasta ahora se ha prestado poca atención a la interfaz entre el cambio climático y la nutrición, ya que las políticas, programas y proyectos siguen estando en gran parte sin vincular. La Declaración de Roma sobre la Nutrición y el Marco de Acción, aprobados por la Segunda Conferencia Internacional sobre Nutrición de noviembre 2014 reconocieron “la necesidad de hacer frente a los efectos del cambio climático y otros factores ambientales en la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, en particular en la cantidad, la calidad y la diversidad de los alimentos producidos, adoptando las medidas apropiadas para hacer frente a los efectos negativos” y recomendaron “crear y fortalecer instituciones, políticas, programas y servicios para aumentar la resiliencia del suministro de alimentos en las zonas expuesta a sufrir crisis, incluidas las afectadas por el cambio climático”.
El objeto de esta consulta es obtener una mejor comprensión de los efectos del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, así como el impacto de las preferencias alimenticias actuales y los sistemas alimentarios relacionados. Además, le invitamos a identificar posibles medidas para proteger y/o mejorar la nutrición y adaptarse al cambio climático, al tiempo que se reducen y eliminan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, garantizando así la seguridad alimentaria a largo plazo.
Somos muy conscientes de la abundancia de conocimientos relevantes que existen en el mundo y estamos deseando aprender de su experiencia. Por ello nos gustaría invitarle a compartir sus puntos de vista sobre esta área temática. Es probable que desee considerar las siguientes preguntas:
1)¿Cuáles son las principales cuestiones que deben tener en cuenta los responsables de las políticas al vincular por un lado el cambio climático, y por el otro la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición, en particular en el diseño, formulación e implementación de políticas y programas?
2) ¿Cuáles son los desafíos institucionales y de gobernanza claves para alcanzar políticas intersectoriales e integrales que protejan y promuevan la nutrición de los más vulnerables, y contribuyan a sistemas alimentarios sostenibles y resilientes?
3) En su experiencia, ¿cuáles son las mejores prácticas y lecciones aprendidas esenciales en el fomento de los vínculos intersectoriales para proteger y mejorar la nutrición, acordes con la prevención y adaptación al cambio climático y la reducción y eliminación de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en los proyectos?
Esta consulta es parte del evento de aprendizaje en línea Cambio Climático, Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición, organizado conjuntamente por el Programa de Mitigación del Cambio Climático en la Agricultura (MICCA) de la FAO y el Foro FSN. Le invitamos a participar en un seminario en la web el martes 31 de marzo de 2015 o vea más tarde las sesiones grabadas (para más información, visite los sitios web: [hyperlink: FSN & MICCA]).
¡Esperamos contar con un intercambio intenso e interesante!
Florence Egal
Temas
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Si on parle de changement climatique, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition, il faut prendre le problème au sérieux. Les 7 milliards de personnes sur la planète terre vivent au dépend de l'agriculture. Ma question est de savoir si les agriculteurs mondiaux grèvent, comme sera le monde? Alors il est important de mettre un accent particulier sur l'agriculture qui, à son tour, a besoin d'un climat favorable, d'une terre arable propice et d'une technologie appropriée pour une production plus grande possible pour mettre fin à la faim dans le monde d'ici 2030. L'homme, ayant droit à l'alimentation, à la bonne santé, à la vie et autres, nous oblige à améliorer la production agricole pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire et une bonne nutrition des bébés jusqu'aux personnes âgées en tous lieux sur la terre. Et pour y arriver, il faut une volonté politique, une politique inclusive impliquant tout le monde dans le processus du développement agricole. Il faut un programme agricole soutenu et de bonne nutrition autrement dit une alimentation équilibrée. Il faut libéraliser le secteur agricole avec des coopératives très engagées, il faut déployer ou recruter des ingénieurs agronomes pour des apports techniques et octroyer des crédits agricoles très flexibles accessibles même aux agriculteurs particuliers. Il faut également privilégier les cultures agricoles qui diminuent le dégagement de gaz à effet de serre. Il faut éviter les feux de brousse et protéger les forêts.
Le gouvernement, la société civile, les coopératives, le secteur privé, les paysans sont indiqués dans ce processus.
Pour la protection de la forêt, il faut des activités de sensibilisation des communautés sur le changement climatique et ses conséquences en se basant sur des lois relative à la protection de l'environnement du pays. Il faut recruter des planteurs d'arbres dans la localité pour le reboisement, l'entretien et la protection des arbres, donc des forêts. Il faut changer les moyens de cuisson des membres de la communauté qui dépendaient de l'environnement. Ex: utilization de cuisière solaires.
When talking about climate change, food security and nutrition it is important to take it seriously as 7 billion people on earth are dependent on agriculture. My question is, what will happen to the world if, globally, the farmers were to strike? So, it is important to put a particular accent on farming that, in turn, needs a favorable climate, suitable arable land and appropriate technology in order to produce the best possible harvest and, by 2030, end world hunger. Given the rights of mankind to food, health, life and other rights, we are obliged to improve agricultural production in order to ensure food security and good nutrition for children and the elderly everywhere on earth. To achieve this task, there must be a political determination, an inclusive policy involving everyone in the agricultural development process. There has to be a sustainable program for agriculture and good nutrition, that is to say, a balanced diet. The farming sector has to be freed up with wholly committed cooperatives, agronomists should be deployed or recruited to provide the technology and very flexible agricultural credit should be made available even to individual farmers. At the same time, it is important that priority is given to crops that reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Bushfires must be avoided and woodlands must be protected.
The government, civil society, cooperatives, private sector and peasants all have a part to play in this process.
For the protection of woodlands, there should be community-based actions which raise awareness of climate change and its consequences, depending on the environmental protection laws of the country. Local tree planters must be recruited to regenerate the woodlands, to maintain and protect the trees, and so eventually the forests. The cooking methods of those who depend on the environment need to be changed. For example: by using solar cookers.
A comment to Mr. Häberli’s interesting input to Q 1) What are the main issues for policy-makers to consider when linking climate change on the one hand and food security and nutrition on the other?
Mr. Häberli touches an important point: THE FOCUS. If we look about 20 years back, important gvt. and private agencies supporting smallholders stopped providing their services to such complex and difficult landholdings, in particular in remote/upland areas. Instead during the last ten years focus was put on those being able to produce high value products (hvp). It is nothing but logic that precisely such remote and upland smallholders now urgently need financial smart support to be in a position to adapt to more complex climatic conditions. Therefore, a re-investment in smart joint rural advisory services is key to much complex land and production issues. The private sector will not focus on such difficulties in far remote areas. Therefore leading investments must first come from the public sector
Best regards, Hans Schaltenbrand
Berner Fachhochschule / Bern University of Applied Sciences
Hochschule für Agrar-, Forst- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften HAFL /School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL
Hans Schaltenbrand
Professor for Rural Development and Natural Resources Management
HAFL International Consulting Services
Focusing wastelands for food production through the adoption of agroforestry models suited to the local condition. A very good policy with feasible monitoring indicators is required.
The kitchen garden and home garden shall be popularized through Government programmes.
Creating a space for women groups in the implementation framework at the grassroots level.
At the National Level monitoring shall be done by a group of experts from agricultural sectors, policy makers, representative from NGOs and women groups.
Issues to Consider:
*Low agricultural production outputs despite the continued usage of chemicals in agricultural farms and plantations that also gives rise to the growth of pest-resistant diseases in agricultural crops.
*As the planet has now exceeded 4 out of the 9 planetary boundaries as seen in the Planetary Boundaries Framework of Johan Rockstrom et.al , I believe that policy makers should also re- examine policies towards regulation of the impacts on the usage of chemicals in agricultural farms and plantations. The usage of these chemicals have contributed to the rise of carbon dioxide emissions which is one of the key drivers of climate change. It would be best if there will be promotion of more environment-friendly methods and innovations in agricultural farming.
Despite the usage of these chemicals, it still did not eliminate plant pests and diseases in agricultural farms, . Not only that, but it has contributed to numerous health problems as a result of the usage of these chemicals. Often, the most affected of these are the marginalized sectors of society- the farmers and the Indigenous People.
A big question is that how can ordinary independent farmers have the proper clothing equipment when they use or apply these chemicals in their agricultural farms? When the costs of these chemicals are sometimes taking more than half their salary? This is true for most of the rural communities because of low production outputs in agricultural farms.
* Agricultural food waste that may further aggravate the inequality of food distribution especially coming from agricultural rejects of both export and import industry.
- Poverty and Hunger is a major problem yet there are numerous food rejects coming from the agricultural exports and import industry. The big question is how can the policy- makers address such big issue? Maybe they can create and re-examine policies with regards to this issue.
* The Healthier food choices-inorganic vs. Organic
If we are to combat climate change and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, then it is essential that we also look into healthier ways of consuming food that has more benefits for our own health.
- One of the main issues is the affordability of organic foods in the market. How can it become affordable especially for the developing countries?. In the Philippines, buying organic food is expensive and since it it is expensive, there is lesser demand of it.
* Higher costs of organic certification.
Another issue is that how can the policy-makers help make the certification of products as organic become more affordable?
Numerous studies show that farmers who are into organic farming find it difficult to pursue organic since the certification for organic products is expensive. In particular, how can the independent organic farmers afford to have their products certify as organic?
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) aims at reaching simultaneously sustainable food security, adaptation to climate change and mitigation of climate change. To acheive these objectives, an innovative policy environment is required. The conclusions of the recently organized Climate-smart Agriculture Conference (Montpellier, France, 16-18 March 2015) highlight that policy makers and other stakeholders, especially researchers, must work together to increase local effectiveness and contribute to bridging the gap between agricultural policies and climate finance.
Excerpts from the "Montpellier Statement":
- The support of CSA innovation platforms, which gather policy makers, development
agencies, civil society and the private sector with researchers and research institutions, will increase local effectiveness.
- The gap between climate change and agricultural policies needs to be bridged, in particular in UNFCCC negotiations, as well as linking agriculture and climate change financing instruments.
More info here: http://csa2015.cirad.fr
Dear Florence Egal
first issue:
location specific policy is needed
hype of one particular crop or food should be discouraged
diversity is the key for any security therefore enhance diversity
second issue:
policies to protect common lands and forest bodies including water bodies
the policy should safe gourd land ,actually for each village or dwelling place a recommended amount of common land should be earmarked and use be handed over to local community to manage it for agro eco securities
I am not sure of my contribution to third issue you raised
thank you
Sincerely
B. Salomeyesudas
The Impact of Climate Change and Bioenergy on Nutrition, edited by Brian Thompson and myself, was published by Springer for FAO in 2012. It includes contributions by the editors, M. Cristina Tirado, Noora-Lisa Aberman, and Janice Meerman. The book is accessible at http://www.fao.org/3/a-as502e.pdf.
Ad Q 1) What are the main issues for policy-makers to consider when linking climate change on the one hand and food security and nutrition on the other?
Even/because this is a fiendishly complex issue, focus is essential. I suggest a focus on the weakest link in the food value chain i.e. smallholders in net-food importing developing countries (NFIDC). This requires a self-critical look into the reasons for the failure (i) of smallholders to even feed themselves (ii) of national and international institutions including FAO, IBRD and WTO to lift the inherent smallholder biases in their own policies and practices. The fact that many scholars and even the research arm of the World Bank itself had already identified such biases back in the 1990ies, but never acted on them, speaks long for what is basically a governance failure in many organisations and countries. Regardless of whether we consider climate change as fundamentally different challenge or as an additional factor of uncertainty impacting on global and national food security, it seems to me that without an answer and remedial action in this issue there is little chance for successful climate change mitigation especially in those countries and population groups likely to be affected most violently. Failing now would leave those smallholders with few mitigation options other than massive national and international migration.
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