Appendices

Appendix 1. Trade and botanical names of cited timbers
Appendix 2. Methodology for estimating potential harvesting volumes of valuable tropical hardwood plantations
Appendix 3. Standardised industrial plantation age-class by “valuable hardwood” regions (from FAO 2000)
Appendix 4a. General age-class distribution in “valuable hardwood” regions (areas in hectares)
Appendix 4b. Derived age-class distribution for “valuable hardwood” species (areas in hectares)

Appendix 1. Trade and botanical names of cited timbers

AFRICAN TIMBERS

TRADE NAME	BOTANICAL NAME
Abura	Mitragyna ciliata
Afromosia	Pericopsis elata
Aningre/Mukali	Aningeria spp.
Avodire	Turraeanthus africana
Azobe	Lophira alata
Bosse	Guarea spp.
Framire	Terminalia ivorensis
Ilomba/Calabo	Pycnanthus angolensis
Iroko	Chlorophora excelsa
Kosipo	Entandrophragma candollei
Koto	Pterygota spp.
Limba/Afara/Frake	Terminalia superba
Mahogany	Khaya spp.
Makore	Tieghemella heckelii
Mansonia/Bete/Mongoy/African Walnut	Mansonia altisssima
Niangon	Tarrietia utilis
Obeche/Wawa/Ayous	Triplochiton scleroxylon
Okoume	Aucoumea klaineana
Sapele	Entandrophragma cylindricum
Tiama	Entandrophragma angolense
Utile/Sipo	Entandrophragma utile

ASIAN TIMBERS

TRADE NAME	BOTANICAL NAME
Kapur	Dryobalanops aromatica
Keruing	Dipterocarpus spp.
Lauan	Shorea spp.
Meranti/Dark Red Seraya	Shorea spp.
Meranti/Light Red Seraya	Shorea spp.
Meranti/White Seraya	Shorea spp.
Ramin	Gonystylus spp.
Teak	Tectona grandis

SOUTH AMERICAN TIMBERS

TRADE NAME	BOTANICAL NAME
Brazilian Mahogany	Swietenia macrophylla
Greenheart	Ocotea rodiaei
Purpleheart	Peltogyne spp.
Rosewood	Dalbergia spp.

Appendix 2. Methodology for estimating potential harvesting volumes of valuable tropical hardwood plantations

These estimations of the current and future supplies from valuable hardwood plantations have been calculated by:

• Using the standardised age-class structures for industrial plantations derived by FAO (2000) and Pandey (1995) data on mean annual increment (MAI) data for teak in Java and India. The MAI data includes thinning yields and were the average for age 70 and 80 years. The MAI of teak has been used, as this species constitutes about 75% of the three valuable species that are under consideration (see section 5).
• Fitting trend lines to the MAI data. The MAI trend line for the poorest sites was utilised to account for poor stocking and mortality in many stands in both Indonesia and India (Pandey 1995). The equation used was MAI = -2.8918 ln(age) + 17.285 (R² = 0.74).
• Assuming rotations of 40 and 70 years and making projections for years 2000, 2010 and 2020. It was also assumed that the valuable hardwood plantations that have been planted since 1995 would not mature within the timeframe under consideration
• Assuming that the age-class distribution for the three species follows the pattern in the four main regions that have them in significant quantities, as shown in Appendix 4a. The countries used with respect to the four regions and their respective age-class distributions can be found in Appendix 3.
• Using for the three valuable hardwood species in question using their respective total areas as the percentage distribution of the age-classes in Appendix 4a to construct the volumes shown in Appendix 4b

Appendix 3. Standardised industrial plantation age-class by “valuable hardwood” regions (from FAO 2000)

Country & Region	Major Val. Hdwd Species	<1946	1946-1950	1951-1955	1956-1960	1961-1965	1966-1970	1971-1975	1976-1980	1981-1985	1986-1990	1991-1995	Total Area
Nigeria	Teak	51	95	254	1,487	2,059	6,798	18,999	34,086	24,154	14,350	16,018	118,351
Sudan	Teak	640	3,803	3,902	6,841	7,029	5,209	4,624	4,831	9,107	8,809	9,074	63,869
		691	3,898	4,156	8,328	9,088	12,007	23,623	38,917	33,261	23,159	25,092	182,220
AFRICA		300,880	103,360	117,199	139,660	198,950	287,757	330,424	436,053	517,180	567,903	598,947	3,598,313
Bangladesh	Teak, Dalbergia	0	0	510	1,659	6,029	12,472	6,699	24,211	43,636	27,432	30,622	153,270
India	Teak, Dalbergia	0	0	8,102	13,166	61,408	131,009	162,474	213,099	804,444	1,734,449	916,055	4,044,206
Indonesia	Teak, Swietenia	0	1,769	14,557	30,008	52,710	80,605	114,168	301,358	715,806	669,748	642,952	2,623,681
Myanmar	Teak	1,238	12	53	86	938	4,267	2,925	9,576	52,477	73,512	63,861	208,945
Pakistan	Dalbergia	0	0	0	208	914	1,537	7,952	3,859	4,444	4,274	4,210	27,398
Philippines	Sweitenia	0	0	0	1	32	86	252	2,608	11,084	23,400	41,745	79,208
		1,238	1,781	23,222	45,128	122,031	229,976	294,470	554,711	1,631,891	2,532,815	1,699,445	7,136,708
ASIA		3,183	662,908	1,723,729	1,808,078	2,079,773	2,065,013	2,025,342	2,554,336	5,973,199	9,415,072	13,491,616	41,802,249
Other Oceania	Swietenia	1,399	687	958	1,278	4,022	9,303	18,873	21,931	22,938	21,044	29,383	131,816
		1,399	687	958	1,278	4,022	9,303	18,873	21,931	22,938	21,044	29,383	131,816
OTHER OCEANIA		28,839	14,165	19,741	26,345	82,882	191,730	388,964	451,974	472,735	433,698	605,573	2,716,646
Costa Rica	Teak	0	0	40	75	75	600	800	1,130	1,900	43,890	43,890	92,400
		0	0	40	75	75	600	800	1,130	1,900	43,890	43,890	92,400
USA		0	0	0	0	0	1,560,000	2,600,000	2,835,000	3,775,000	3,786,250	3,831,250	18,387,500
N&C AMERICA		0	0	54	1,190	1,734	1,574,195	2,626,984	2,885,591	3,849,694	3,922,519	4,033,957	18,895,918
N&C Am. Less USA		0	0	54	1,190	1,734	14,195	26,984	50,591	74,694	136,269	202,707	508,418

Source: FAO, 2000

Appendix 4a. General age-class distribution in “valuable hardwood” regions (areas in hectares)

Age-Class (1995)	Africa	Asia	Other Oceania	C. America	TOTAL	%
0-5	25,092	1,699,445	29,383	43,890	1,797,810	23.83
6-10	23,159	2,532,815	21,044	43,890	2,620,908	34.75
11-15	33,261	1,631,891	22,938	1,900	1,689,990	22.40
16-20	38,917	554,711	21,931	1,130	616,689	8.18
21-25	23,623	294,470	18,873	800	337,766	4.48
26-30	12,007	229,976	9,303	600	251,886	3.34
31-35	9,088	122,031	4,022	75	135,216	1.79
36-40	8,328	45,128	1,278	75	54,809	0.73
41-45	4,156	23,222	958	40	28,376	0.38
46-50	3,898	1,781	687	0	6,366	0.08
>50	691	1,238	1,399	0	3,328	0.04
TOTAL	182,220	7,136,708	131,816	92,400	7,543,144	100.00
%	2.4	94.6	1.7	1.2	100	-

Appendix 4b. Derived age-class distribution for “valuable hardwood” species (areas in hectares)

Age-Class (1995)	%	Teak	Swietenia	Dalbergia	Total
0-5	23.83	537,176	36,040	149,204	722,420
6-10	34.75	783,114	52,540	217,514	1,053,168
11-15	22.40	504,960	33,878	140,256	679,094
16-20	8.18	184,263	12,362	51,180	247,806
21-25	4.48	100,923	6,771	28,032	135,726
26-30	3.34	75,262	5,049	20,905	101,216
31-35	1.79	40,402	2,711	11,222	54,334
36-40	0.73	16,377	1,099	4,549	22,024
41-45	0.38	8,479	569	2,355	11,402
46-50	0.08	1,902	128	528	2,558
>50	0.04	994	67	276	1,337
TOTAL	100.00	2,253,852	151,214	626,020	3,031,086
%		74	5	21	100

Source: FAO, 2000