4.1 Forestry in land use
4.2 Forest-based industrial development
4.3 Fuelwood and energy
4.4 Conservation of forest ecosystems
4.5 Institutions
4.1.1 Land use distribution
4.1.2 Use of idle lands
4.1.3 Watershed management
4.1.4 Agroforestry
4.1.5 Forest management and silviculture
39. The landscape of Barbados is generally dominated by sugar cane lands, with tree crops, woodlands and natural vegetation occurring only in pockets, and with cotton and intensive vegetable farming areas widely dispersed. Developed urban settlements are concentrated mainly along the western and southern coasts, with industrial facilities, sub-urban housing and abandoned land scattered throughout the island.
40. With the decline of sugar cane cultivation, active arable acreages, particularly sugar cane acreages, have been declining at a rate of approximately 500ac/yr since the early 1960's, falling from 66,000ac (26,730ha) to approximately 54,000ac (21,870ha) in 1991. This trend has led to a proliferation of idle properties, and to a rise in land speculation for housing/tourism development and more lucrative purposes. Abandoned farm-lands have also been reverting to scrub and grass, a situation which has led to an increase in the level of uncontrolled livestock grazing.
41. There is no definitive statement on forestry in the current land use figures for Barbados. The Agricultural Sector Plan (1988-93), projects the following land use targets, which give no estimate for tree cover:-
|
Sugar cane |
14,590 ha |
|
Cotton |
2,430 ha |
|
Cut flowers |
405 ha |
|
Vegetables |
810 ha |
|
Fruits |
405 ha |
|
Pasture |
3,610 ha |
|
TOTAL |
22,250 ha |
42. In the 1980's, fiscal penalties were introduced to discourage landowners from keeping land idle. However, this policy approach did not prove successful, as no realistic range of economically viable alternate options was provided for the owners. Suitable and attractive alternatives are required in such circumstances to make such policies a success.
43. In the absence of a national land use policy, the incidence of idle lands associated with shortcomings in the agricultural policy is envisaged to continue to constitute a major problem at both the national and individual property levels.
44. The following suggestions, which include forestry/agroforestry options, were advanced for consideration in the solution of this problem:
i) lease of lots to small farmers for vegetables (over a suitable period which would not create problems for either lessee or lessor), since market gardening can improve self-sufficiency in food production;ii) provision of incentives to integrate small farms in the diversification effort as a nucleus for expansion;
iii) encouragement for spontaneous efforts by youth groups in beautification and tree planting on idle lands;
iv) initiation of community/cooperative projects, involving schools.
45. Barbados depends solely on its ground water resources for all of its water needs. Existing resources are extremely limited and are threatened by excessive use, potential contamination from salt intrusion, chemical pollutants and inadequate sewage and waste disposal facilities.
46. While measures are currently being put in place to attempt to cope with these problems, attention needs to be paid to the exploration of measures that will facilitate increased recharging of the aquifer to cope with increased water demands by the year 2000, and to maintain the land in optimal condition for percolation and soil water retention. Reforestation and the development of trees can provide an effective means of achieving these goals, while at the same time reversing in some measure, the problems caused by historical deforestation and abuse of the land.
47. However, the use of forestry as a solution to the problems outlined above involves a gestation period of 20 - 30 years before any returns on investment. Under such circumstances, a compromise which would allow the land to be used for short-term returns at minimal cost and risk of erosion, would therefore be needed. Such a compromise is achievable through an integrated watershed planning and management programme which is compatible with the existing ecological conditions of the various watersheds.
48. The concept of agroforestry (the production of agricultural crops in combination with trees), has been practised in Barbados on large and small holdings for a long time. It has been viewed as an excellent conservation practice for the sustainable use of land and the maximization of returns, while protecting soil and water resources. The strengthening and/or reintroduction of this concept with intelligent modifications adapted to local situations, is seen as an important strategy for the revitalization of a portion of the sluggish agricultural sector.
49. The most important areas of forest/natural/succession vegetation in the island are found at Turner's Hall Wood in the Scotland District, in the Undercliff Woods at Hackleton Cliff/Foster Hall, and in some of the gullies.
50. Turner's Hall Wood was studied some 46 years ago (Gooding, 1944), and was documented to be a valuable habitat for flora and fauna. An update is now opportune to determine whether there has been any change in its structure and composition over the years. This is a unique area which needs to be protected. Its protection should be facilitated through the establishment of a buffer zone around the area, with entry being restricted except for scientific purposes.
51. The performance of the various species of trees planted on reforested areas in the Scotland District has been remarkable. Not only has their growth been remarkable, but their successful development has revealed an unexpected potential for timber production which enhances the conservation benefit for this area.
52. Exotic and native species (including Whitewood, Pink Poui, Honduras mahogany, Eucalyptus, Saman, Teak, Cypre and Casuarina) planted at Joe's River Forest in 1963, have survived remarkably well with a minimum of silvicultural care and attention. The resultant stand is a closed high forest, with the appearance and structure of a tropical rain forest, rich in lianas and epiphytes. The micro-climate and ecology of the site also represent ideal conditions for the introduction of specialised economic tropical plants, like rattan, which do not occur naturally in the western hemisphere.
53. Preliminary estimates indicate that Honduras mahogany and Cypre could yield 170 m3/ha on a 30-year rotation, a yield which compares well with current projections for Trinidad and Jamaica. However, a more detailed inventory of the stands is required to verify these initial findings which suggest that mixed hardwood species would be a viable proposition for reforestation and land utilization throughout the Scotland District and on suitable sites elsewhere in the island. As the area now stands, it offers exciting opportunities for silvicultural research, ecotourism and public education to promote forestry. Any intervention in this area should be carefully planned and properly executed to obtain the maximum benefit. While this area could form part of a national parks system, it is recommended for preservation as an example of a managed forest.
54. In the absence of a forestry authority, the SCU has been functionally responsible for the protection of pockets of forests on government estates in the Scotland District. It has made a commendable effort, within its limitations, in the establishment of trees as a conservation measure. Its influence has, however, been limited basically to the Scotland District.
55. In urban areas, the performance of West Indian mahogany has also been impressive, in particular, the large size of older specimens and the large number of specimens occurring on a wide range of sites around the country. The occurrence of this valuable timber tree in such great profusion is a feature unique to Barbados, as this species is now a rarity in most Caribbean islands. Indications are that it has hybridised with the Honduras mahogany and that certain sites are particularly favourable to its growth. Generally however, many trees are suffering from die-back, either due to over-maturity, root-rot or some other disease, and should be effectively utilised before their timber decays.
56. The organised harvesting of such trees, combined with an inventory and replanting programme, could provide an excellent opportunity for urban forest utilization to provide a sustained supply of high-value raw material for the furniture and handicraft industries, while maintaining in perpetuity this unique feature of the Barbadian landscape. (Priority Project 2.0).
57. Barbados has been a nett importer of wood products since the island was deforested in the 17th Century. The major portion of this has gone into housing and construction. Imports are currently valued at almost Bds $50 million (US $25 million) annually. The country also imports some Bds $32.3 million (US $16.1 million) worth of paper products plus a further Bds $6.4 million (US $3.2 million) of fruits and nuts, many of which are products of trees. In recent years there has been a trend away from the use of wood towards concrete in residential construction, but nevertheless, the requirement for wood is still sizeable.
58. In the furniture industry approximately 2,000 m3 of mahogany, valued at Bds $1.8 million is imported annually, representing a volume which could be met from a production forest of 1,500ha, harvesting 50ha annually on a 30-year rotation. A multi-purpose reforestation programme is strongly recommended under the circumstances (see projects 1.1, 1.2) with the short-term objective of early cover and rehabilitation of the land, and with the long-term objective of timber production and ground water storage.
59. The roots and leaves of certain species such as rock balsam, pandanus, cabbage bark, wild cane, khus khus and coconut shell are also being increasingly used in handicraft production. Although these are not considered as forest products, they comprise a significant demand for the natural items which can be derived from forested areas, and can generate sustainable income within the economy. There is a shortfall in supply with respect to most of these materials. Exploitation of the potential for the development of these resources merits active pursuit through resource inventory, planning and controlled management, to supply the existing market demand.
60. During the Second World War, Barbados carried out widespread plantings of Casuarina to ensure supplies of fuelwood. However, since 1952 the country has been able to supply most of its energy requirements from petroleum and natural gas from local sources. Progressive improvements in living standards have now also almost eliminated the demand for fuelwood at the country level.
61. The Government is nevertheless aware of the continuing world energy crisis and the need to conserve its resources. Accordingly, studies have been conducted to explore alternative sources such as wind, solar and tidal energy. It has been suggested by the CMT that this policy should be extended to include fuelwood for industrial purposes, particularly as a replacement for bagasse in the sugar factories and to provide for a more valuable use of bagasse as chicken litter or livestock feed. An offshoot of such a policy would be the generation of energy, and the feeding of any surplus generated into the electricity grid, not only during the sugar harvest but throughout the year. Project 3.0 proposed by the CMT addresses this need via a feasibility study into the use of fuelwood for industrial energy.
62. There has been a general perception in Barbados that the island has no forests nor wildlife, and that nature parks and recreational areas are largely for the enjoyment of foreign visitors.
63. However, despite its small size, the country possesses considerable wildlife and ecosystem diversity, much of which could enhance the growth of tourism, but which, more importantly, could awaken the society's consciousness and pride in its natural environment. The island has only four (4) endemic plant species but about twenty (20) endangered flowering plants.
64. The island is not rich in wildlife species, but population levels of some individual species are quite high. The Ministry of Labour, Consumer Affairs and the Environment has set up a working group on biodiversity to examine the whole question of the island's plant and animal resources and their conservation. The group's support will be invaluable to facilitate the work of the lead agencies in the planning and implementation of NFAP projects.
65. NGOs and environmental agencies with capable members are willing to play an active role in changing public perceptions to encourage preservation of the ecological heritage of the country. The Government has also indicated its commitment to halt environmental degradation.
66. The following ecosystems (See Appendix III for location map) were identified for priority attention in this context, under the NFAP Priority Project 4.0:
i) Mangroves and Wetlands - Graeme Hall Swamp, the largest area of mangroves on the island, which consists of magnificent stands of red and white mangrove, and is frequented by migratory birds.ii) Batts Rock/Lazaretto Littoral Woodland - a scenic area of mangroves, which could be developed with trails and other facilities.
iii) The Gully Network - the system of coral limestone drainage channels colonized by natural vegetation, which now offer sanctuary for many endangered species, but many of which are being threatened by illicit dumping of garbage.
iv) Hackleton Undercliff Woods - the most extensive area of natural woodlands, consisting of some 280ha of semi-deciduous mesophytic forest dominated by whitewood and balsam.
v) Turner's Hall Wood - remnants of the original forest vegetation of the island, and which constitutes the most species-rich site for the island's flora, comprising some 100 species within a 30ha area. The middle of this wood is threatened by a massive landslip which requires stabilization by engineering works.
vi) Secondary forests of the Scotland District - emerging naturally on abandoned farmlands and demonstrating the benefit of tree cover for land stabilization, and which can be enriched by the introduction of valuable timber species, while hydrological and edaphic studies are carried out to determine the site changes which have taken place.
67. Barbados has also recently approved a programme for a National Conservation Strategy, aimed at public education and the dissemination of information regarding environmental management and protection. This approach is directed towards enhancing participation and interest in the preparation and implementation of projects like the NFAP that seek to achieve actual physical benefits from environmental management.
68. The Government has also stated its intention to establish a national park on the east coast of the island (Physical Development Plan (1988-93)), a measure which would go a long way towards the conservation and development of forests and other ecosystems (See Appendix IV). Enabling legislation and institutional strengthening is, however, required before this can be implemented.
69. The conservation and development of forest resources requires capable resource management institutions, properly staffed and financed, and provided with the necessary authority for efficient execution of their responsibilities.
70. In Barbados, a number of government and private agencies have a potential role to play in the development of the forestry sector. These can be classified as follows:-
i) Lead Agencies - Soil Conservation Unit; Barbados Agricultural Development Corporation; National Conservation Commission; Environmental Unit.ii) Planning Institutions - Public Investment Unit, Ministry of Finance; Town and Country Planning Authority; Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries; Ministry of Labour, Consumer Affairs and the Environment.
iii) User Groups - Barbados Industrial Development Corporation; Ministry of Tourism; Barbados Water Authority.
iv) Other Relevant Agencies - Barbados Agricultural Society; Barbados Information Service; Ministry of Education; Sugar Industry; Ministry of Energy.
72. Currently, the concepts of forestry, agroforestry, national parks, etc. have no home in the public sector. However, the potential exists in some Government agencies and autonomous, statutory bodies to carry out expanded mandates to encompass these areas, ie. the SCU, the BADC and the NCC, if given the required resources.
73. While there is a wealth of skills and manpower in the country, a shortage of personnel exists within specific institutions. The lead agencies are not adequately equipped at present in terms of funding, staff, or expertise, and will therefore need to be strengthened considerably to improve their management capability for a successful implementation of the NFAP process. The forestry subsector is unlikely to grow without the emergence of institutions with dynamic leaders who wish to achieve results. There would therefore be a need to harness and redirect the existing capabilities in a unified manner, while improving implementation mechanisms and imparting new skills, to ensure the success of the programme.
74. The BADC already controls land in the Scotland District and should be challenged to undertake management of such properties. With proper plans and staffing in place, this organisation should be able to attract project financing to initiate a comprehensive strategy for developing a long-term tree and optimal land use policy. Similarly, the NCC which has high visibility in caring for public parks and beaches, could expand its mandate, with added skills and finances.
75. The SCU has some experience in this area, and with adequate staffing and institutional strengthening, could also play a key role in ensuring the success of this programme.
76. The Ministry of Agriculture Food and Fisheries should be responsible for the co-ordination of the NFAP. As such, the necessary country capacity (See proposed project 5.0) should be developed in this entity as a matter of priority.
