United Nations Decade of Family Farming Regional Action Plan for the Near East and North Africa
The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 2019-2028 the United Nations Decade of Family Farming (UNDFF). The UNDFF serves as a framework for developing public policies to support family farming worldwide and to contribute significantly to the achievement of the Agenda 2030, by strengthening family farming in order to eradicate rural poverty in all its forms and to address the need for a global food system that provides sufficient, affordable, environmentally sustainable and nutritious food. Through a Global Action Plan, the UNDFF provides detailed guidance for the international community on collective, coherent and comprehensive actions that can be taken to support family farmers. Designed around seven mutually reinforcing pillars of work, the Global Action Plan recommends a series of interconnected actions from the local to the global level.
The multidimensional nature of family farming, the farm and family, food production and life at home, farm ownership and work, traditional knowledge and innovative farming solutions, the past, present and future are all deeply intertwined. This multi-functionality makes family farming key actors in promoting such a transformative vision of food system, once they are provided with effective support.
FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa region (RNE) has a history of engagement in efforts to strengthen small-scale family farming in the region. Since 2018, it has designed and implemented the three pillars of the FAO Regional Initiative on Small-Scale Family Farming (RI-SSFF).
To facilitate the implementation of the Decade in the NENA region[1], building on the experience of the RI-SSFF, a UNDFF Regional Action Plan is being developed for the NENA region by FAO RNE, in consultation with strategic partners and relevant stakeholders. This seeks to contribute to a 10-year process in support of SSFF, implementing actions to achieve the UNDFF Global Action Plan (GAP) in the region. FAO RNE is conducting this online consultation in order to gather stakeholders’ perspectives, actions and their expected outcomes at the regional and country levels.
Your experiences and inputs are requested here to contribute to the regional action plan development in the NENA region. The results of the consultation will be presented at a virtual eLaunch event for the UN Decade of Family Farming in the NENA region to take place in the autumn of 2020.
To help us with the subsequent analysis of the consultation’s outcomes, we kindly ask you to address these guiding questions:
Guidance on input:
- Please add to your answers case studies, experiences and information.
- Feel free to choose at least 1-2 question(s) where you can share the most relevant experience, input and expertise. There is no need to address all questions.
- Please try to adopt as much as possible a gender lens when writing your contributions.
1) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in NENA region
The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is facing key challenges including ending poverty and hunger as well as responding to climate change and the conservation of natural resources to avoid further degradation.
- How does/did the COVID-19 outbreak exacerbate the challenges faced by small-scale family farmers (SSFF)?
- And what are the main areas of interventions that could efficiently build SSFF resilience and ensure sustainable livelihood?
- Can you share success examples in the region?
2) Sustainable transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems
In order to meet the needs of a growing population, it is essential to accelerate the transition toward more sustainable food systems with special consideration to the degradation of the already scarce natural resources and climate change impact in the NENA region.
- Can you give brief description of key CC impact factors on productivity of main farming systems in the region?
- How can innovation and digital solutions accelerate such transition of the agi-food systems?
- How can the UNDFF provide tools and measures that help SSFF facing the climate and socioeconomic challenges?
3) Towards an inclusive and equitable growth
Improving the productivity and sustainability of small-scale family farmers alone will not be sufficient to achieve the UNDFF milestones or SDG goals in the NENA region. The engagement of adolescents and youth, women and individuals in vulnerable situations such as migrants, will be critical to long term, inclusive and equitable growth.
- Based on your experience, what are effective strategies, instruments or mechanisms to ensure adequate access to services, resources and social protection among marginalized or vulnerable groups, including in humanitarian contexts?
- Despite the informality of the agriculture sector, any support for smallholder family farming can and should go hand in hand with the promotion of the Decent work Agenda. Family farmers are engaged in arduous and sometimes hazardous work to cut costs and compensate for the farm’s low productivity to an extent of involving children too, based on your experience please give three priority actions to enable decent employment for rural smallholders, youth and women and to eliminate child labour in family farming.
4) Enabling environment for the implementation of UNDFF
Building an enabling environment for the implementation of UNDFF regional action plan means that there are adequate resources and that governance and institutional arrangements are effective and inclusive.
- How do you define roles of Governments, development agencies, farmers’ organizations, civil society and private sector in implementing the UNDFF in the region?
- What are the bottlenecks –any of the above institutions may encounter in achieving the UNDFF implementation in the region and how to overcome them? E.g. in terms of policies, financial resources, technical capacities, etc.
5) Partnerships
Partnerships associated with sustainable development initiatives can create synergies to address interconnected challenges that need to be addressed. With the aim to implement the UNDFF action plan in its seven pillars in the NENA region,
- How can innovative partnerships be built and established? And how/what existing initiatives would you propose to replicate or scale up?
We thank you for your valuable contribution, for more information you may contact [email protected].
Your RI-SSFF team.
[1] FAO includes the following countries in its NENA region: The Near East sub-region includes Egypt, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Yemen, as well as Palestine. The North Africa sub-region includes Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. See: http://www.fao.org/3/ca3817en/ca3817en.pdf
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English translation below
م. هيثم حمدان
رئيس قسم تقنيات ما بعد الحصاد- منسق محور مدارس المزارعين الحقلية
المركز الوطني للبحوث الزراعية – الاردن
هل أدى تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 إلى تفاقم التحديات التي تواجهها الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة، وكيف ذلك؟
الى حد كبير وبشكل ملحوظ، من خلال تاثيره على ما يلي :
· صعوبة الوصول لمدخلات ومستلزمات الانتاج الاساسية كاملا او في الوقت المناسب وعدم توفرها احيانا مع ارتفاع بسيط في اسعارها مما اثر سلبيا على الجميع ومنهم اصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة .
· الاغلاق الكلي في البداية والجزئي لاحقا وشروط السلامة المشددة عموما وفي اسواق البيع المركزية ادى الى ارتفاع الاسعار قليلا في بداية الازمة مع بعض النقص في الحاجيات ولاحقا ادى زيادة المعروض منها في الاسواق وعدم التصريف نتج عنه انخفاض شديد في اسعار البيع أقل او فسادها مما اثر على دخل المزارع الصغير أيضا التجار.
· قلة القدرة الشرائية لدى المجتمعات المحلية واعطاء الالولوية للمواد الغذائية الاساسية والامور الاخرى والتخوف وعدم وضوح مدى طول الازمة وتداعياتها وابعادها وصعوبة التنبوء في الاجراءات القادمة
· الاجراءات المشددة في التنقل ومنع وصعوبة عقد الاجتماعات المباشرة وشروط التباعد الاجتماعي ادت الى عدم القدرة علي التواصل المباشر مع المزراعين لتوعيتهم بشكل مباشر على كيفية التعامل مع ازمة كرونا ومواجهه الازمات.
· تزامنت الازمة مع الظروف المناخية الصعبة (اعصار مدمر) وموسم زراعي سيء من حيث الاسعار عموما
· تفاوت التاثير السلبي على المزارعين حسب نوع المحصول (خضار مقارنة بالاشجار) وكان اكثر وضوحا على الزراعات المحمية والمكشوفة من الخضار وخصوصا مع تزامنها مع الموسو الزراعي وصعوبة التخزين او تاخير الحصاد
· نقص المعرفة وعدم الاستعداد وضعف الشبكات والتغطية وكلفة النت وعدم توفر الاجهزة الالكترونية بشكل كافي ووجود اولويات اخرى كاستخدامها في التعليم عن بعد والتواصل الاجتماعي مع العائلة
· قلة وعي المزارعين بطرق أستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثه أدي الي ضعف التواصل المباشر والفعال مع الجهات المختصه لحل المشاكل الفنية والادارية التي تواجهم مما أدي الي زيادة المشاكل
· عدم الاستعداد وضعف الامكانيات المؤسسيه والماليه على كافة المستويات سواءا الجهات الحكوميه والخاصة في توفير و أستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثه للتواصل مع الفئات الاكثر احتياجا.
اما عن ايجابيات غير المخططة مسبق لازمة كورونا ومنها...
· اعادة بعد الالق والاهتمام بالقطاع الزراعي عموما وسلطت الاضواء على اهمية الزراعة من الناحية الغذائية والامن الغذائي والبعد الاجتماعي
· وفي الجانب الاخر، اعطت المزارع والعائلة المزيد من الوقت للاهتمام والتفرغ لخدمة المحصول والحديقة المنزلية وتنويع الانتاج والاهتمام بالمنتج الزراعي كما ونوعا
· الاستغلال الامثل للمساحات الزراعية وتعظيم الانتاج مع التنويع ومحاولة تغطية المحاصيل الاساسية ومحاولة تحقيق جزء من الاكتفاء الذاتي الاساسي
· اكتساب المزارع الصغير مهارات اضافية فنية وادارية بالاضافة الى التكيف مع الازمات
· زيادة الاهتمام والحرص والمحافظة على السلامة والنظافة العامة والشخصية لتقليل نسبة الاصابه بالفيرس
· التخفيف من الاعتماد على المنتجات الجاهزة الدسمة واستبدالها بالغذاء الصحي والاهتمام بالغذاء الصحي والاكثار من استهلاك الخضروات والفاكهه مما يساعد في زيادة مناعة الجسم والمناعة العامة.
· ما هي مجالات التدخل الرئيسية التي من شأنها أن تعمل على بناء قدرة الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة على التأقلم والصمود، وضمان سبل كسب العيش المستدامة؟
· مساعدة المجتمعات المحلية على ايجاد فرص عمل جديدة ومصادر دخل اضافية وتنويع الانتاج
· عدم الاعتماد الكلى على الزراعة كمصدر للدخل والتحول نحو الصناعات التحويلية مثل المربيات والمخللات والتوابل بيع وتصنيع منتجات الالبان، والاجبان، بما يتناسب مع متطلبات الاسواق
· المساعدة في توفير مدخلات الانتاج الاساسية باسعار مقبولة وفي الوقت المناسب
· محاولة تجميع احتياجات صغار المزارعين من التقاوي والكيماوى وطلبها بصورة مجمعه من الشركات المختصة وذلك من خلال لجان محلية يمكن تكوينها بالقرى ومن ثم الحصول عليها بأسعار مخفضة مما يكون له أثر ايجابي على اصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة .
· المساعدة في عرض وتسويق المنتجات الزراعية من خلال منصات البيع الالكترونية والبازارات ونقاط التجمع المحلية والتربيط مع الاسواق الكبيرة
· تشجيعهم على تطبيق فكرة انتاج الاسمدة العضوية والمبيدات الحيوية الصديقة للبيئة والرخيصة لتوفير جزء من الاحتياجات السمادية وتخفيض من كلف الانتاج
· المساعدة ودعم ونشر فكرة الزراعات النظيفه والعضوية والصديقة للبيئة للحفاظ علي الصحه
· دعم التحول الرقمي وادخال وتبني التقنيات الزراعية الصديقة ورفع مستوى الوعي باستخدامها والتدريب وبناء القدرات المحلية مع التركيز على التطبيقات البسيطة والسهلة
·
هل بإمكانك مشاركة أمثلة نجاح في المنطقة؟
الاصرار على الاستمرار في تاسيس وتنفيذ مدارس المزارعين الحقلية في المحافظات المستهدفة، والمساعدة لصغار المزارعين في مجال تحسين ورفع الانتاجية
المساعدة في اعداد خطة استجابة وطوارئ مع فريق المشروع وتقدي الدعم المباشر للمزارعين على شكل مدخلات الانتاج الرئيسة وتوفير فاتورة النقل والتوصيل
الاستمرار في تقديم الدعم الفني لصغار المزارعين والتواصل معهم باستخدام كافة الوسائل المتاحة
اعداد ونشر المواد العلمية والتدريبية والفنية الخاصة بالمستفيدين والاسر الريفية
المبادرات الموجودة التى نقترح تكرارها
· مبادرة ايفاد الخاصة بخطة الطوارئ وتوفير مستلزمات الانتاج الزراعية الاساسية
· دعم مبادرات التحول الرقمي والتكنولوجي لكل ما يخص المزارع الصغير. وادخال التقنيات المساعدة
· مبادرات انشاء منصات تعلم وتواصل الكترونية مع دعم وتغطية كلفة الشبكات
Eng. Haytham Hemdan
Post-harvest technologies Section, Head
Field schools coordinator
National Center for Agricultural Research, Jordan
Has the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic led to the aggravation of challenges faced by smallholder family farming? If “yes”, how was that?
This is true to a great extent and shows clearly through its effect on the following:
- Difficulty of accessing the basic production inputs and supplies in full or in a timely manner. Sometimes, they were unavailable and, when they were, prices were a little higher, which negatively affected everyone, including smallholders.
- Total closure at the beginning and partial one later on, and strict safety conditions in general, and in the central sales markets, led to a slight rise in prices at the beginning of the crisis, with some shortage of necessities. Later the increase in the supplies in the markets and lack of discharge resulted in a severe decrease in selling prices or their damage, which affected the income of both small farmers and merchants alike.
- Lack of purchasing power in local communities, giving priority to basic foodstuffs and other matters, apprehension, lack of clarity about the extent of the crisis, its repercussions and dimensions, and the difficulty of predicting future measures.
- Strict measures on mobility, prevention and difficulty of holding face-to-face meetings, and the conditions of social distancing have led to the inability to communicate directly with farmers to educate them directly on how to deal with the Corona crisis and address crises.
- The crisis coincided with difficult weather conditions (a devastating hurricane) and a bad agricultural season in terms of prices in general
- The negative impact on farmers varied according to the type of crop (vegetables vs. trees) and it was more pronounced in greenhouse agriculture and crops in open fields, especially with its coincidence with the agricultural season and the difficulty of storing or delaying harvesting
- Lack of knowledge, unpreparedness, poor networks and coverage, the cost of the internet, lack of sufficient number of electronic devices with other priorities emerging, such as their use in distance education and social communication with the family.
- The lack of farmers ’awareness of the methods of using modern technology has led to poor direct and effective communication with the competent authorities to solve the technical and administrative problems they face, thus causing more problems.
- Unprepared and weak institutional and financial capabilities at all levels, both government and private agencies, [making it difficult] to provide and use modern technology to communicate with the most vulnerable groups.
Unplanned benefits of Corona pandemic
- Revive interest in the agricultural sector in general, highlighting the importance of agriculture in terms of food, food security and social dimension
- On the other hand, it gave farmers and families more time to pay attention and be dedicated full time to take care of crops and home garden, diversifying production, and focusing on agricultural products in terms of quantity and quality.
- Optimal use of agricultural areas and maximizing production with diversification while endeavoring to cover basic crops and achieving basic self-sufficiency partially
- Young farmers acquiring additional technical and administrative skills, in addition to the ability to cope with crises
- More interest and concern for maintaining safety, public cleanliness and personal hygiene, to reduce the incidence of the virus infection cases.
- Reducing dependence on ready-made fatty products, replacing them with healthy food, paying attention to healthy food, and increasing the consumption of vegetables and fruits, which helps increase the body's immunity and general immunity.
What are the main areas of intervention that could build up capacities of smallholder family farming for adaptation and resilience and ensuring sustainable livelihoods?
- Helping local communities to create new job opportunities and additional sources of income, and to diversify production
- Departure from total dependence on agriculture as a source of income and making the shift towards manufacturing industries such as jams, pickles and spices. Selling and manufacturing dairy products and cheese, in line with the market demands.
- Helping to provide basic production inputs at reasonable and timely prices
- Forming local committees in villages to endeavor to collect smallholder’s orders of seeds and chemicals and place collective orders with the specialized companies to get them at reduced prices, which would have a positive impact on smallholders.
- Providing assistance in displaying and marketing agricultural products through electronic sales platforms, bazaars and local gathering points, and networking with large markets.
- Encouraging [smallholder family farmers] to apply the idea of producing environment-friendly and cheap organic fertilizers and biopesticides to provide part of the fertilizer needs and reduce production costs
- Helping, supporting and promoting the idea of clean, organic and environment- friendly crops to preserve health
- Supporting digital transformation, introducing and adopting friendly agricultural technologies, raising awareness of their use, providing training and building local capacities with a focus on simple and easy applications
Can you give examples of success stories in the region?
- Insisting on continuing to establish and implement farmer field schools in the targeted governorates, and to assist small farmers in improving and raising productivity.
- Assisting in preparing a response and emergency plan with the project team and providing direct support to farmers in the form of main production inputs and paying the transportation and delivery bill
- Continuing to provide technical support to small farmers and communicating with them using all available means
- Developing and disseminating scientific, training and technical materials for the beneficiaries and rural families
Existing initiatives we propose to replicate
- IFAD Initiative for the Emergency Plan and the provision of basic agricultural production requirements
- Supporting digital and technological transformation initiatives for all aspects of small farms, and introducing support technologies
- Initiatives to establish electronic learning and communication platforms with support and coverage of network costs
English translation below
L’agriculture familiale et la résilience au Covid19
Mais enfin, la pandémie du Coronavirus (Covid-19), qui a brassé large en touchant la planète s’inscrit dans une longue série d’épidémies auxquelles ont été confrontées l’humanité entière, à des échelles régionales et internationale. La maladie est nouvelle, puisqu’elle marque le « linkage » entre le pathogène qui en est la cause (le virus SARS-CoV2) et l’espèce humaine, font remarquer les spécialistes des maladies respiratoires.
C’est dans le contexte de la prolifération de cette pandémie à travers le monde que l’homme cherchant sa protection, s’est vu prendre des mesures draconiennes pour se prémunir de ses effets néfastes et de sa propagation qui pèse lourdement sur la vie quotidienne de la gente humaine. Ses répercussions ont été parfois désastreuses sur de nombreux domaines d’activités dont l’agriculture, principale branche de l’économie nationale voire mondiale en a subi les conséquences.
L’Algérie, comme partout dans le monde, consciente de l’impact « douloureux » de la maladie, a pris des mesures drastiques, tant sur le plan du confinement, au sens large, qu’au niveau de la mobilisation de la société pour se départir des impacts du Coronavirus.
Nonobstant les autres domaines, pour l’agriculture pourvoyeuse de denrées alimentaires, le gouvernement a pris, sine die, des mesures salutaires pour que cette activité qui joue un rôle moteur dans la vie économique est sociale du pays, maintienne son rythme habituel de production.
Parmi les mesures, qu’a retenues le gouvernement à travers le Ministère de l’agriculture et du Développement Rural, il y’a lieu de souligner les autorisations exceptionnelles délivrée aux agriculteurs, aux éleveurs et parfois à d'autres opérateurs économiques fournisseurs de matériel et intrants agricoles, lors du confinement, sur la base d’un arrêté du wali, en vue d’assurer la permanence des activités agricoles, dans leur diversité. Les agriculteurs, les éleveurs et autres franges du monde agricole, ont continué à œuvrer d’une manière habituelle, tout en respectant les recommandations sanitaires
Ces mesures, assorties également par une intense action d’encadrement de la part des services et de la profession agricoles avaient un impact réel sur la durabilité des activités agricoles conduisant à disponibilité des produits alimentaires sur le marché, sans rupture aucune. Cela mène à déduire qu’en dépit des désagréments causés par le Covid19, la « marche quotidienne » des diverses activités humaines, il s’emble que le secteur de l’agriculture, formée dans une large partie d’exploitations productives de type « agriculture familiale », n’a pas été impacté d’une manière significative, et pour preuve, aucune rupture alimentaire observée.
Pour rappel, l’agriculture en Algérie, constitue un secteur extrêmement important de l’économie nationale. Elle couvre une grande partie du territoire national et présente dans plus de 90% des 1541 communes existantes. Elle procure des emplois directs ou indirects à 13 millions d’algériens vivant en milieu rural leur permettant ainsi d’améliorer leurs conditions de vie et celles de leurs familles. Il est admis qu’un emploi dans la sphère production génère, au moins trois autres emplois (transport-commerce-valorisation…)..
L’agriculture familiale, dans la politique de développement agricole et rural se caractérise par un lien privilégié entre l’activité économique, la structure familiale et le terroir. La main d’œuvre est composée principalement des membres de la famille qui ne sont pas salariés mais qui y trouvent un revenu. En Algérie, la petite agriculture familiale domine, car plus de 70% des exploitations ont ce caractère familial et ménager.
Quelques indicateurs de la structure de l’agriculture familiale en Algérie (Recensement Général de l’Agriculture, 2001):
Les actifs dans les exploitations agricoles : Il s’agit des actifs familiaux, des salariés permanents et des salariés saisonniers. Les actifs familiaux (permanents et saisonniers) représentent un effectif de 3.349.447 employés, dont 768 984 femmes et sont répartis comme suit:
1 460 207 exploitants et co-exploitants parmi lesquels sont dénombrées 113 270 femmes ;
1 889 240 ouvriers constituant la main d’œuvre familiale dont 655 714 femmes ;
Les salariés permanents sont au nombre de 108 556 ouvriers, dont 4 958 femmes. Les salariés saisonniers totalisent un effectif de 963 355 ouvriers, dont 23 487 femmes.
1 023 799 Exploitations recensées-RGA 2001; 70% des exploitations ont moins de 10 ha de Surface Agricole Utile (SAU) et 84% des exploitations ont moins de 20 ha de SAU.
Family farming and resilience to Covid-19
But finally, the Coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic, which has stirred broadly by affecting the planet, is part of a long series of epidemics faced by the whole of humanity, at regional and international scales. The disease is new, since it marks the "linkage" between the pathogen that causes it (the SARS-CoV2 virus) and the human species, note specialists in respiratory diseases.
It is in the context of the proliferation of this pandemic across the world that the man seeking his protection, has seen draconian measures taken to protect himself from its harmful effects and its spread which weighs heavily on daily life. of the human race. Its repercussions have sometimes been disastrous on many fields of activity including agriculture, the main branch of the national and even world economy, has suffered the consequences.
Algeria, like everywhere in the world, aware of the "painful" impact of the disease, has taken drastic measures, both in terms of containment, in the broad sense, and in terms of mobilizing society to get rid of the impacts of the Coronavirus.
Notwithstanding the other areas, for agriculture as a supplier of foodstuffs, the government has taken, sine die, salutary measures so that this activity, which plays a driving role in the economic and social life of the country, maintains its usual rate of production.
Among the measures adopted by the government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, it is worth highlighting the exceptional authorizations issued to farmers, breeders and sometimes to other economic operators who supply equipment and agricultural inputs, during confinement, on the basis of an order from the “wali”, in order to ensure the permanence of agricultural activities, in their diversity. Farmers, breeders and others of the agricultural world, continued to work in the usual way, while respecting the health recommendations.
These measures, also accompanied by an intense supervision action on the part of the agricultural services and profession, had a real impact on the sustainability of agricultural activities leading to the availability of food products on the market, without any disruption. This leads to deduce that despite the inconvenience caused by Covid19, the "daily march" of various human activities, it appears that the agricultural sector, formed in a large part of productive farms of the family farming type, was not significantly impacted, and as proof, no disruption of food production was observed.
As a reminder, agriculture in Algeria is an extremely important sector of the national economy. It covers a large part of the national territory and is present in more than 90% of the 1541 existing municipalities. It provides direct or indirect jobs to 13 million Algerians living in rural areas, thereby improving their living conditions and those of their families. It is accepted that a job in the production sphere generates at least three other jobs (transport-trade-value adding ...) ..
Family farming, in agricultural and rural development policy, is characterized by a privileged link between economic activity, family structure and the land. The workforce is made up mainly of family members who are not salaried but who earn an income. In Algeria, small family agriculture dominates, because more than 70% of farms have this family and household character.
Some indicators of the structure of family farming in Algeria (General Census of Agriculture, 2001):
Farm holdings: These are family holdings, permanent employees and seasonal employees. Family holdings (permanent and seasonal) represent a workforce of 3,349,447, including 768,984 women and are distributed as follows:
1,460,207 farmers and co-operators among which 113,270 women;
1,889,240 workers constituting the family workforce, including 655,714 women;
Permanent employees number 108,556 workers, including 4,958 women. Seasonal employees have a total workforce of 963,355 workers, including 23,487 women.
1,023,799 Listed holdings-RGA 2001; 70% of farms have less than 10 ha of Utilized Agricultural Area (UAA) and 84% of farms have less than 20 ha of UAA.
English translation below
1) تأثير تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 في منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال إفريقيا
تواجه منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال أفريقيا تحديات رئيسية، من بينها القضاء على الفقر والجوع، وكذلك الاستجابة لآثار تغير المناخ والحفاظ على الموارد الطبيعية لتجنب المزيد من تدهور الأوضاع.
- هل أدى تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 إلى تفاقم التحديات التي تواجهها الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة، وكيف ذلك؟
- قطعاً أدي ذلك لتفاقم التحديات حيث أثقل تردي الحالة الإقتصادية إلي كاهل الأسر الزراعية جداً حيث أن عملية إغلاق الأسواق في القري الريفية جعل الأسر الريفية في حالة إرتباك شديدة إنعكست علي توقف عمليات البيع والشراء للمتتجات الزراعية من خضر وحيوانات وما إلي ذلك.
- ما هي مجالات التدخل الرئيسية التي من شأنها أن تعمل على بناء قدرة الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة على التأقلم والصمود، وضمان سبل كسب العيش المستدامة؟
- دعم مالي مشروط – إستمرار الدعم الفني في مجالات التنمية
- هل بإمكانك مشاركة أمثلة نجاح في المنطقة؟
- في قرية هوارة المقطع تم تسليم مشروع صغير عبارة عن جاموسة عشار لبعض الأسر الريفية وفقاً لمعايير مُحددة وبمساهمة بنسبة مئوية مُتفق عليها وفقاً لسياسة مؤسسة بنك مصر للتنمية, وكنتيجة إيجابية للدعم الفني الذي تقوم به الجمعية من خلال ندوات التوعية وورش العمل, قامت مجموعة الأسر بدمج المشاريع في مشروع واحد وأقامت وحدة لتجميع اللبن وتصنيعة علي هيئة أجبان وما إلي ذلك من منتجات الألبان مما أحدث طفرة إيجابية علي إقتصاد تلك الأسر.
2) الانتقال المستدام نحو نظم غذائية زراعية أكثر استدامة
من أجل تلبية احتياجات النمو السكاني، من الضروري تسريع الانتقال نحو أنظمة غذائية أكثر استدامة مع إيلاء اهتمام خاص لتدهور الموارد الطبيعية النادرة بالفعل وتأثير تغير المناخ على منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال إفريقيا.
- هل يمكنك تقديم وصف موجز لأهم عوامل تأثير تغير المناخ على إنتاجية أنظمة الزراعة الرئيسية في المنطقة؟
- التغيرات في معدلات الحرارة، هطول الأمطار، التقلبات المناخية الشديدة (مثل: موجات الحرفي شهر فبراير ومارس) أدت هذا العام لتدهور زراعات القمح والنباتات الطبية والعطرية فعلي سبيل المثال أدت الموجة العارمة من الرياح لنقل (الكلوروبايوفوس) لمزارع الشيح البابونج مما أدي إلي رفض عينات كبيرة جداً منه.
- التغيرات في الآفات والأمراض أدت لظهور بعض الآفات في أوقات غير أوقاتها مما أدي لتدهور بعض الزراعات العضوية التي تعتمد علي المكافحة الحيوية.
- التغيرات في مواعيد التزهير والعقد لبعض أصناف الفاكهة كما حدث في الفيوم في المشمش مما أربك المزارعين وأدي إلي تقليع أشجار المشمش في الفيوم لعدم فهم المزارعين لما حدث.
- كيف يمكن أن يساعد الابتكار والحلول الرقمية في الإسراع بوتيرة انتقال نظم الأغذية الزراعية؟
- تحديث البرامج الزراعية وفقاً للمتغيرات.
- كيف يمكن أن يوفر عقد الأمم المتحدة للزراعة الأسرية أدوات وتدابير من شأنها أن تساعد الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة على مواجهة التحديات المناخية والتحديات الاجتماعية الاقتصادية؟
- الإشراف والتدريب علي البرامج الزراعية المُستحدثة .
- توفير الدعم المالي المشروط.
- التحديث المُستمر وإمداد المزارعين ببرامج الدعم الفني.
1) Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on the Near East and North Africa Region
The Near East and North Africa region faces major challenges, including eradication of poverty and hunger, as well as responding to the impacts of climate change and preserving natural resources to avoid further deterioration of conditions.
Has the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic led to the aggravation of challenges faced by smallholder family farming? If “yes”, how was that?
- Certainly, this has exacerbated the challenges. Deterioration of the economic situation has placed a great strain on the livelihood of agricultural families. Closing markets in rural villages made rural families in a state of severe muddle, with buying and selling of agricultural products including vegetables, livestock and the like, grinding to a halt.
What are the key areas of intervention that could build up capacity of smallholder family farming for adaptation and resilience, and ensuring sustainable livelihoods?
- Conditional financial support; continuation of technical assistance in areas of development
Can you give examples of success stories in the region?
- In the village of Hawara al-Maqtaa, a pregnant buffalo was delivered to some rural families as a contribution to a small enterprise per family in accordance with specific criteria in accordance with the policy of the Misr Development Bank. As a positive result of the technical support that the association does through awareness seminars and workshops, the group of families put their individual enterprises into one enterprise , and a unit has been set up to collect milk and process it into cheese and other dairy products, which has made a positive upswing in the economy of these families.
2) Sustainable transition to agricultural nutritional systems that are more sustainable
In order to meet the needs of population growth, it is imperative to accelerate the transition towards more sustainable food systems with particular attention to the degradation of already scarce natural resources and the impact of climate change on the Near East and North Africa region.
Can you give a brief description of the key factors contributing to impact of climate change on productivity of main agricultural systems in the region?
- Changes in temperature ranges, rainfall, and severe climate fluctuations (such as heat waves in February and March) this year led to the deterioration of wheat crops and medicinal and aromatic plants. For example, sweeping winds transported chloropyofos to the farms of Chamomile wormwood, which caused too many samples to be rejected.
- Changes in pests and diseases caused some pests to come out at times other than normal times, which led to the deterioration of some organic crops that depend on biological control.
- Changes in the dates of flowering and fruit setting for some varieties of fruit, as happened in Fayoum to apricots, which confused farmers and led to the uprooting of apricot trees there, because farmers did not understand what happened.
How can innovation and digital solutions accelerate transition to agri-food systems?
- Updating agricultural programs according to changes.
How can the United Nations Decade of Family Farming provide tools and measures that help smallholder family farming to address climate and socio-economic challenges?
- Supervising and training the newly developed agricultural programs.
- Providing conditional financial support.
- Continuous modernization and providing farmers with technical support programs
.
English translation below
Contribution from the Road to Development Association
تأثير تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 في منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال إفريقيا
تواجه منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال أفريقيا تحديات رئيسية، من بينها القضاء على الفقر والجوع، وكذلك الاستجابة لآثار تغير المناخ والحفاظ على الموارد الطبيعية لتجنب المزيد من تدهور الأوضاع.
هل أدى تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 إلى تفاقم التحديات التي تواجهها الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة، وكيف ذلك؟
نعم من خلال :
- رفع اسعار تقاوى المحاصيل المختلفة ومستلزمات الانتاج من كيماوى ومبيدات وكذلك صعوبة الحصول عليها لتوقف العمل فى معظم شركات التقاوى والمبيدات مما اثر بالسلب على اصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة .
- غلق الاسواق العامة ادى الى كثرة الخضار والفاكهه والبيع باسعار أقل او فسادها مما اثر على دخل المزارع الصغير أيضا التجار.
- أدى التباعد الاجتماعي فى الفترة السابقة الى عدم القدرة علي الاجتماع مع المزراعين لتوعيتهم بشكل مباشر على كيفية التعامل مع ازمة كرونا ومواجهه الازمات.
- قلة وعي المزارعين بطرق أستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثه أدي الي ضعف التواصل مع الجهات المختصه لحل المشاكل التي تقابلهم سواء في الزراعه أو الري أدي الي تفاقم المشاكل.
- ضعف القدرات المؤسسيه والماليه لدي الجهات الحكوميه والاهليه في أستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثه للتواصل مع الفئات الاكثر احتياجا.
ومن ايجابيات فترة ازمة كورونا
- من الناحية المناخية حيث قلت معدلات التلوث كثيرا مما اعطى فرصة افضل لنمو المحاصيل الزراعية المختلفة .
- اكتساب المزارع الصغير الى حد ما مهارة التكيف مع الازمات من خلال الاستفادة من غيره من صغار المزارعين والعمل على الاكتفاء الذاتى من المحاصيل .
- تطبيق نظام المقايضة بين المزارعين على المحاصيل المزروعه بالتالى عمل اكتفاء ذاتي منها .
- المحافظة على النظافة العامة والشخصية لتقليل نسبة الاصابه بالفيرس وهذا بدوره سوف يساعد علي الوقايه من كثير من الامراض.
- الاهتمام بالصحة العامة عن طريق كثرة تناول الخضروات والفاكهه ساعد علي زيادة مناعة الجسم وسلامة الغذاء.
- ما هي مجالات التدخل الرئيسية التي من شأنها أن تعمل على بناء قدرة الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة على التأقلم والصمود، وضمان سبل كسب العيش المستدامة؟
- مساعدة هذه الفئات على خلق فرص دخل اضافية بالمساهمه فى زيادة الدخل وعدم والاعتماد الكلى على الزراعة كمصدر للدخل مثل بيع وتصنيع منتجات الالبان ( جبنه – زبادى – زبدة ... ) والعيش البلدي والمرحرح وكسكسي والكشك وغيرة ...... من المنتجات المطلوبه فى بعض الاسواق بصرف النظر عن سوق القرية .
- توفير الاعلاف للمزارعين بسعر مناسب لتمكينهم أكثر من التربية المنزلية والاكتفاء الذاتى .
- محاولة تجميع احتياجات صغار المزارعين من التقاوي والكيماوى وطلبها بصورة مجمعه من الشركات المختصة وذلك من خلال لجان محلية يمكن تكوينها بالقرى ومن ثم الحصول عليها بأسعار مخفضة مما يكون له أثر ايجابي على اصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة .
- تشجيعهم على تطبيق فكرة الكومة السمادية لتوفير جزء من الاحتياجات السمادية للمحاصيل المختلفة بأقل تكلفه ممكنة ولنشر فكرة الزراعات النظيفه للحفاظ علي الصحه وذلك من خلال ندوات توعية وتنفيذ نماذج حية من الكمبوست.
- العمل على حل مشكله التلوث وقله مياه الري التى تؤثر على جودة وكمية المحاصيل المنزرعة عن طريق حل مشكله الصرف الصحى والقمامة فى القرى.
- هل بإمكانك مشاركة أمثلة نجاح في المنطقة؟
- تم تنفيذ مدارس حقلية تتبنى فكرة نموذج الكمبوست عمليا ونظريا ( ابوجنشو مركز ابشواي ) وتم تنفيذ حوالى 11 نموذج عملي لصغار المزارعين هناك مما ادى الى تبنى هذه الفكرة من قبل مزارعين أخريين وتنفيذها بدون اشراف من المهندس وذلك بعد ظهور اثر السماد العضوى على المحاصيل الزراعية .
- تم تجميع احتياجات صغار المزارعين من تقاوى القمح والكيماوى اللازم من خلال لجنة منتخبة من قرى منطقة ابو جنشو بمركز ابشواي( فرد من كل قرية ) بالتعاون مع جمعية الطريق للتنمية والهيئة القبطية الانجيليه تم توفير التقاوي والكيماوى لصغار المزراعين بأسعار مخفضة .
) الشراكات )
من شأن الشراكات المرتبطة بمبادرات التنمية المستدامة أن تخلق أوجهًا للتآزر للتغلب على التحديات المترابطة التي ينبغي مواجهتها. وبهدف تنفيذ الركائز السبع لخطة عمل عقد الأمم المتحدة للزراعة الأسرية في منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال إفريقيا،
كيف يمكن بناء وإقامة شراكات ابتكارية؟ وما هي المبادرات الموجودة التي تقترح تكرارها أو زيادتها، وكيف يُمكن القيام بها ؟
- يمكن عمل شراكات بين الجمعيات الاهلية ومديريات الزراعة والمدريات المحتلفه التي لها علاقه بصغار المزارعين للعمل على توفير مهندسين زراعيين لتوعية صغار المزراعين قبل زراعة اي محصول حيوي لتفادى الاصابات المتكررة بالمحاصيل والتى تؤدي الى قله الانتاج بشكل كبير.
- بالتعاون مع مديرية الزراعة والجمعيات الاهليه ممكن مساعدة صغار المزارعين لتسويق منتجاتهم بشكل افضل ( دواجن مجهزة – بط – رومي – عيش بلدى – كشك .... ) من خلال منافذ البيع بمديريات الزراعة
- تطبيق نظام التأمين الزراعي ،على المحاصيل الرئيسية ،مثل القمح والذرة والقطن والأرز ، بحيث يتم تعويض المزارعين عن التكاليف ،التي أنفقت في حال تعرض المحاصيل للسيول ، او الآفات الزراعية ويُطبق أيضا على تعويض المُزارِع ، عن فقد الإيرادات المتوقعة ولتطبيق هذا النظام ، يُشترط تسجيل الحيازات الزراعية من خلال نظام إلكتروني Barcode ، وأن يتم تسجيل الإيرادات والتكاليف المعيارية لكل محصول، ولكل مزارع ، وفقًا لمساحة حيازته المزروعة ، وأن يتم ذلك من خلال تأسيس شركات تأمين متخصصة في مجال التأمين الزراعي ، للتامين على ممتلكات المزارعين.
- توفير تأمين صحى واجتماعي للمرأة الريفية العامله باعتبارها قوة منتجة لا يستهان بها .
المبادرات الموجودة التى نقترح تكرارها
- مبادرة الفاو و"الزراعة" تطلقان مشروع الإدارة المستدامة للنظم الإيكولوجية الزراعية بواحة الخارجة بمحافظة الوادى الجديد وسيوفر المشروع للمجتمعات المحلية وأصحاب الحيازات الصغيرة كل من القدرات التقنية والوسائل المالية والمعرفة والدعم المؤسسي اللازم لتخطيط وإدارة موارد الأراضي والمياه والتنوع البيولوجي الزراعي على نحو مستدام.
وتكرار هذه المبادرة بمحافظة الفيوم.
- مبادرة التحول الرقمي والتكنولوجي لكل ما يخص المزارع الصغير.
Impact of Outbreak of Covid-19 Pandemic in Near East and North Africa Region
The Near East and North Africa region faces major challenges, including eradication of poverty and hunger, as well as responding to the impacts of climate change and preserving natural resources to avoid further deterioration of conditions.
Has the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic aggravated challenges faced by smallholder family farming? [If “yes”], how was that?
Yes. That has been through the following:
- Raising prices of seeds of various crops and production inputs including chemicals and pesticides, as well as the difficulty of obtaining them since work has come to a stop in most seed and pesticide companies, which negatively affected smallholders.
- The closure of public markets led to an abundance of vegetables and fruits that were sold at lower prices or went bad, which affected the income of smallholders as well as merchants.
- In the recent past, social distancing resulted in the inability to meet with farmers to directly educate them on how to deal with the Corona crisis and how to face crises.
- The lack of farmers' awareness of the methods of using modern technology led to poor communication with the competent authorities to solve the problems they encounter, whether in farming or irrigation, which caused problems to get worse.
- Weak institutional and financial capabilities of governmental and private agencies in using modern technology to communicate with the most needy groups.
Positive aspects of Corona crisis
- At the level of climate, pollution rates decreased a lot, which provided a better chance for the growth of different agricultural crops.
- Smallholders have, to some extent, acquired the skill of coping with crises by benefiting from other small farmers and endeavoring to ensure self-sufficiency of crops.
- Farmers adopted the barter system by exchanging cultivated crops, thus making them self-sufficient.
- Maintaining public and personal hygiene to reduce the rate of infection with the virus, which in turn will help prevent many diseases.
- Rising interest in leading a healthy life by eating a lot of vegetables and fruits helped to increase the body’s immunity and food safety.
What are the key areas of intervention that will build up capacity of smallholder family farming for adaptation and resilience, and ensuring sustainable livelihoods?
- Helping these groups to create additional income opportunities to increase income and avoid full reliance on agriculture as a source of income, such as selling and manufacturing dairy products (cheese - yogurt - butter ...), traditional bread, al-merahrah bread/ flat bread, couscous, keshk, etc.--- products that are in demand in some markets, apart from the village market.
- Providing farmers with feeds at affordable prices to enable them to be more efficient at backyard livestock husbandry and self-sufficiency.
- Endeavoring to collect seed and chemical needs of small farmers and placing a collective order with concerned companies through local committees that can be formed in villages, which will make it possible to get them at reduced prices, and, accordingly, have a positive impact on smallholders.
- Encouraging [smallholders], through awareness seminars and the implementation of demonstration compost models. to implement the idea of the compost pile to provide part of the fertilizer needs of different crops at the lowest possible cost and to promote the idea of clean farming to maintain health.
- Endeavoring to solve the problem of pollution and the scarcity of irrigation water that affects the quality and quantity of crops by solving the problem of sanitation and solid wastes in villages.
Can you give example of success stories in the area?
- Field schools have been set up to adopt the idea of compost model practically and theoretically (e.g. Abu Jensho, Ebsheway Markaz) and about 11 demonstration models for small farmers were implemented there, which led to the adoption and implementation of this idea by other farmers without the supervision of an engineer, especially after the effect of organic fertilizer on agricultural crops became apparent.
- [A list of] needs of small farmers in terms of wheat seeds and necessary chemicals was prepared by an elected committee (comprising one person) from the villages of Abu Jensho area in the Abshway Markaz, in cooperation with the Road Association for Development and the Coptic Evangelical Authority. Seeds and chemicals were provided to small farmers at reduced prices.
Partnerships
Partnerships linked to sustainable development initiatives can lay foundations for cooperation in order to overcome the interrelated challenges that must be addressed, with the aim of implementing the seven pillars of the action plan of the United Nations Decade of Family Farming in the Near East and North Africa region
How can innovative partnerships be built and set up? What are existing initiatives you propose to replicate or increase? How can they be done?
- Partnerships can be formed between NGOs, directorates of agriculture and various directorates that have relationships with small farmers to work on providing agricultural engineers to educate small farmers before planting any vital crop to avoid repeated damages to crops due to pests that lead to a significant decline in production.
- In cooperation with the Directorate of Agriculture and NGOs, it is possible to help small farmers to better market their products (prepared poultry - ducks - turkey – traditional bread, “keshk”, etc.) through sales outlets at the directorates of agriculture.
- Applying the agricultural insurance system to the main crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and rice, so that farmers are compensated for the costs incurred when crops suffer from floods or agricultural pests it can also be applied to compensate the farmers for the loss of expected revenues. In order to apply this system, agricultural holdings must be registered through an electronic barcode system, and revenues and standard costs per crop and farmer taking into account the cultivated area of each holding must also be recorded. This should be done by establishing insurance companies specialized in the field of agricultural insurance, to insure farmers' properties.
- Providing health and social insurance for working rural women, as they are a significant productive force.
Existing initiatives proposed to be replicated
- We proposed that the FAO and [Ministry of] Agriculture Initiative should launch a project on sustainable management of agricultural ecosystems in Kharga Oasis in the New Valley Governorate. The project will provide local communities and smallholders with both technical capabilities, financial means, knowledge and institutional support needed to plan and manage land, water and agricultural biodiversity in a sustainable manner. This initiative is proposed to be replicated in Fayoum Governorate.
- Digital and technological transformation initiative for everything related to small farms is proposed to be launched.
Nacira CHOURGHAL
English translation below
2) Transition viable vers des systèmes agroalimentaires plus durables
Face à un changement climatique sévère projeté, les agriculteurs dans les pays de l’Afrique du Nord expérimentent habituellement des stratégies d’adaptation basées sur la précocité du semis, l’utilisation de variétés précoces et la fertilisation. Cependant, l’information concernant l’efficacité de la précocité des semis comme stratégie d’adaptation de la culture du blé dur au changement climatique reste très limitée. Cet article a pour objectif d’aider les gestionnaires à proposer des pratiques de semis plus efficaces. Deux options de semis sont examinées ; une date prescrite (fixe) et une date dynamique (dépendant du début des pluies utiles). Un modèle de culture à deux types d’entrées, culturales et climatiques, est utilisé pour simuler, au pas de temps journalier, la phénologie, le bilan hydrique et les rendements du blé dur en Algérie. Le comportement futur du blé dur est simulé en utilisant les projections climatiques du modèle ARPEGEClimat de Météo-France sous le scénario médium A1B SRES pour le futur lointain (2071–2100). Dans le cas de semis à date prescrite, le réchauffement climatique raccourcit le cycle de 31 jours durant la phase végétative, le bilan hydrique est négatif, l’accumulation de la matière sèche est réduite et le rendement réel diminue de 36 %. En semis à date dynamique, un allongement de la phase reproductive accompagne le raccourcissement de la phase végétative et le cycle est raccourci de seulement 15 jours. La matière sèche totale est réduite, mais le bilan hydrique, favorisé par le semis précoce, est positif. Par conséquent, le rendement dans le probable climat futur est maintenu au même niveau que celui de la situation actuelle. Nos résultats permettent d’outiller les gestionnaires en leur proposant une stratégie de semis basée sur une date dynamique, pour faire face aux défis du changement climatique et de son impact sur la culture du blé dur.
2) Sustainable transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems
Faced with projected severe climate change, farmers in North African countries usually experiment with adaptation strategies based on early sowing, use of early varieties and fertilization. However, information regarding the effectiveness of early planting as a strategy for adapting durum wheat cultivation to climate change remains very limited. This article aims to help managers come up with more effective seeding practices. Two sowing options are examined; a prescribed date (fixed) and a dynamic date (depending on the start of useful rainfall). A crop model with two types of inputs, cultural and climatic, is used to simulate, at daily time step, the phenology, water balance and yields of durum wheat in Algeria. The future behavior of durum wheat is simulated using climate projections from Météo-France's ARPEGEClimat model under the medium scenario A1B SRES for the distant future (2071–2100). In the case of sowing on a prescribed date, global warming shortens the cycle by 31 days during the vegetative phase, the water balance is negative, the accumulation of dry matter is reduced and the actual yield decreases by 36%. In dynamic date sowing, a lengthening of the reproductive phase accompanies the shortening of the vegetative phase and the cycle is shortened by only 15 days. The total dry matter is reduced, but the water balance, favored by early sowing, is positive. Therefore, the yield in the probable future climate is maintained at the same level as that of the current situation. Our results allow managers to be equipped by offering them a sowing strategy based on a dynamic date, to face the challenges of climate change and its impact on durum wheat cultivation.
English translation below
- Impact de l'épidémie de la COVID-19 dans la région NENA
Cette année le Maroc a vécu deux grandes crises majeures, d'abord il a été confronté à un changement climatique marqué par trois années de déficit hydrique et des pluies non régulières et la seconde est une crise sanitaire provoquée par la Covid-19 et ses répercussions économiques et sociales. Malgrès ces deux crises, les marchés des fruits et des légumes ont été régulièrement approvisionnés.
Devant cette situation, le Gouvernement Marocain a pris des mesures pour atténuer les effets de la sècheresse d'une part, et d'autre part pour la lutte et la protection contre la COVID-19 . Le Ministère de l’agriculture, de la pêche maritime, de développement rural et des eaux et forêts (MAPMDREF) a mis en place une cellule de veille pour le suivi des marchés agricoles en coordination avec les organisations interprofessionnelles. Cette cellule, qui regroupe les services centraux et régionaux, organise des réunions quotidiennes (à travers un dispositif de télétravail) et veille à ce qu’il n’y ait pas de perturbation dans la production agricole, afin d'assurer un approvisionnement normal et régulier du marché national en produits agricoles.
Compte tenu des règles de confinement mises en place par le Gouvernement Marocain, le rythme de l’écoulement des produits agricoles n’est pas le même qu’avant, en raison de problèmes de la disponibilité de la main d’œuvre et de transport de la marchandise. Les ouvriers travaillent qu’une demi-journée (8H00 – 13H00) et les transporteurs trouvent quelques fois des difficultés pour avoir une autorisation de circulation, ce qui a provoqué une augmentation des frais de la main d'œuvre et de transport.
En termes de financement, les mesures prises par le Groupe Crédit Agricole du Maroc (GCAM) pour alléger l’impact du déficit pluviométrique de la campagne agricole 2019-2020, et ce à travers trois axes de financement : sauvegarde du cheptel, conduite des cultures printanières et entretien de l’arboriculture fruitière. Le Groupe a également opté pour le retraitement de l’endettement des agriculteurs pour leurs échéances à venir : décalage d’une année des échéances des crédits à moyen et long terme pour les petits agriculteurs et facilités de paiement pour les autres agriculteurs en fonction de leur capacité de remboursement
Pour le soutien financier, les agriculteurs qui ont la carte du Régime d'Assistance Médicale (RAMED) ont bénéficié de l’appui de l’Etat, les autres qui n’ont pas ni RAMED, ni CNSS peuvent faire la demande à travers la plateforme téléphonique 12/12, qui a été créée en mars, 2020.
Egalement des programmes de protection sociales inclusifs sont mis au point par le Gouvernement Marocain.
La nouvelle stratégie de développement agricole (Generation Green 2020-2030) lancée au début de cette année repose sur deux fondements ;
- Priorité à l’élément humain : par la création d’emplois, émergence d’une classe moyenne agricole, entreprenariat, organisation agricole, accompagnement ;
- Pérennité du développement agricole, par la consolidation des filières de production et valorisation, modernisation de la distribution, qualité et innovation green technologie, résilience et éco-efficience.
2/ Transition viable vers des systèmes agroalimentaires plus durables
Dans les décennies à venir, l’aridité du climat devrait accentuer une remontée des zones semi-arides à arides vers le Nord. Cette baisse de la pluviométrie est la conséquence du réchauffement climatique.
L’état des changements climatiques et ses impacts au Maroc (2015-2050) se résume comme suit :
- Baisse de la ressource hydrique par habitant et par an, 2500 m3 en 1960 à 650 m3 actuellement. Les changements climatiques pourraient provoquer la disparition de 80% des ressources d’eau disponibles au Royaume dans les 25 prochaines années.
- Une menace sur la sécurité alimentaire, sous l’effet, notamment, du rétrécissement de la base productive de l’agriculture et du renchérissement de la facture alimentaire
- Une fragilisation accrue de l’espace littoral, avec des impacts potentiels sur la sécurité économique
- Des risques importants pour la sécurité sanitaire, avec la résurgence de maladies d’origine hydrique et au développement de maladies émergentes
- Une exposition aux impacts de la migration climatique, avec une accentuation de l’exode rural et une intensification de l’immigration subsaharienne
- Des menaces sérieuses qui pèsent sur la biodiversité, dues à la surexploitation des ressources naturelles, à la fragmentation et aux pertes d’habitats ainsi qu’à la pollution
Le Maroc est l’un des pays où les changements climatiques vont avoir un impact négatif certain en raison de la faiblesse et de la grande variabilité des ressources en eau, qui à leur tour vont affecter négativement les ressources naturelles et l’agriculture.
- Baisse des disponibilités en eau d'irrigation : Les cultures irriguées seront ainsi affectées en raison de la diminution des ressources en eau mobilisables pour l’agriculture ;
- Baisse notable des rendements ;
- la production agricole change en termes de quantité, de qualité; de diversité et de distribution des aliments;
- Désertification des écosystèmes oasiennes ;
- Dégradation des parcours ;
- Dégradation des sols par érosion hydrique et éolienne ;
- Les productions animales seront affectées (effectifs et production) en raison de la diminution des ressources fourragères cultivées et pastorales ;
Directement ou indirectement, les impacts du changement climatique sur les insectes ravageurs pourront affecter de nombreuses interactions interspécifiques et avoir des répercussions à l’échelle des écosystèmes. Les écosystèmes forestiers, hydriques et lagunaires seront perturbés surtout dans les zones à écologie fragile.
Les effets des CC sur le plan socio-économique sont les suivants :
- Les zones à dominance d’agriculture pluviale seront les plus touchées ;
- Les petits agriculteurs (agriculture de subsistance) qui constituent la majorité seront les plus touchés ;
- Une forte volatilité des prix des aliments ;
- Baisse du revenu des agriculteurs ;
- Baisse d’opportunités d’emplois ;
- Augmentation du chômage en milieu rural.
- Augmentation de l’exode rural ;
- Une urbanisation rapide, ce qui crée une catégorie de citadins pauvres qui seront eux même très vulnérables aux effets des changements climatiques
La sécurité alimentaire peut aussi être menacée par la dégradation des conditions d’hygiène entourant la préparation des repas, si les ressources en eau douce ou les capacités de stockage des aliments se font plus rares du fait du réchauffement du climat. Les répercussions importantes sur la nutrition auront un effet direct sur l’apparition des maladies. La malnutrition peut aussi s’aggraver par suite de la disparition progressive de la biodiversité et d’une dépendance excessive à l’égard de quelques aliments de base. Quand la santé des êtres humains est compromise, notamment celle des femmes (responsables de la préparation des repas pour leur famille), l’aptitude à utiliser efficacement la nourriture diminue les conditions d’hygiène;
les impacts potentiels des changements climatiques seront plus directs sur l'agriculture et toute la population (hommes et femmes), ils creuseront les écarts entre les potentiels de production et les besoins alimentaires des populations d’où la nécessité d'adaptation des systèmes de production agricole à ces changements dont l’objectif est de garantir, d’une manière durable, la sécurité alimentaire.
Pour faire face aux changements climatiques, il est important d’une part, s’adapter à leurs effets et d’autre part s’attaquer à leurs causes et les atténuer
Les systèmes de production agricole et les systèmes alimentaires doivent faire l’objet d’une transformation profonde pour relever les défis interdépendants pour assurer la durabilité, renforcer la sécurité alimentaire et faire face aux effets des changements climatiques.
En particulier, les systèmes alimentaires doivent devenir plus productifs, plus résilients face aux changements et plus efficaces dans l’utilisation des ressources.
Pour faire face aux effets des changements climatiques sur les ressources en eau pour l’agriculture, il est nécessaire d’investir dans les infrastructures et technologies telles que les technologies d’irrigation plus efficaces, pour réduire les pertes par l’évaporation et accroître la production végétale, développer des Structures de collecte des eaux pluviales au niveau des exploitations, pour acheminer, stocker, distribuer, utiliser les eaux de pluie et de ruissellement et mobilisation de technologies et ressources en eau non conventionnelles comme le dessalement de l’eau de mer et la REUT. La mise en place des pratiques de gestion durable des terres, des eaux et des cultures peut aussi réduire les pertes et prélèvements d’eau.
Egalement, le bon choix du système de culture, pour la promotion des cultures et activités agricoles adaptées aux contextes agro-climatiques, permettrait d’assurer une agriculture durable. Le choix aussi de variétés tolérantes à la sècheresse et utilisation du semis direct (Zéro labour).
La FAO a mis au point et diffusé le concept de l’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) à travers laquelle un ensemble de mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation ont été prises pour faire face aux effets des changements climatiques.
- Faisabilité technique des filières (y compris pour l’adoption de technologies innovantes : (intelligentes face au climat et aux ressources naturelles et valorisables à travers les signes de qualité) ;
- Profitabilité économique (tenant compte des éventuelles opportunités d’innovations institutionnelles (agriculture contractuelle, agrégation, autres modes de coordination verticale, achats publics, etc.) ;
Dans le cadre de son nouveau cadre de partenariat-pays (CPF) pour la période 2019-2024, la banque mondiale appuie le Maroc pour une transformation technologique qui fait intervenir la digitalisation.
Aussi la Banque mondiale et la FAO mènent une réflexion sur la promotion des technologies digitales dans une filière agricole pilote.
La DNUAF ne peut que renforcer les initiatives engagées au Maroc par la FAO et la banque mondiale pour faire face aux défis climatiques et socio-économiques qui se présentent.
3) Vers une croissance inclusive et équitable
En 2018 une étude a été menée par une équipe d’experts de la FAO pour le compte de l’Observatoire Nationale du Développement Humain (ONDH), et qui porte sur l’appréciation de l’inclusion de la Petite Agriculture Familiale (PAF). Elle revêt une triple fonction ; d’abords contribuer à l’élaboration d’une situation de référence pour des observations futures, ensuite proposer une démarche pour une généralisation à l’ensemble des espaces agro écologiques du Maroc et enfin apprécier les impacts des politiques publiques sur les territoires analysés.
Un autre projet (TCP) est en cours de lancement pour une mise en place d’indicateurs, à travers la collecte des données pour le suivi et l’évaluation de l’évolution de la petite agriculture familiale et des effets des politiques publiques sur son inclusions économique et sociale.
La PAF au Maroc est concernée par de nombreux plans, programmes et projets relevant de diverses politiques publiques :
- La politique agricole, notamment le Pilier II (agriculture solidaire) plus le programme transversal du Plan Maroc vert (PMV);
- Les programmes de développement et de conservation des ressources naturelles (développement forestier, biodiversité, lutte contre la désertification, changement climatique) impliquant la PAF dans les efforts déployés pour leur économie et leur utilisation durable ;
- Les stratégies de la pêche, de l’artisanat et autres secteurs lorsqu’ils concernent la pluriactivité des petites exploitations familiales ;
- L’INDH (programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté, développement territorial, Activité génératrice de revenu [AGR]). Et les actions de l’Agence de Development Social (ADS).
L’élément humain fait partie des priorités de la nouvelle stratégie GG. Laquelle stratégie prévoit la création d’une nouvelle génération de jeunes entrepreneurs agricoles, des terres collectives seront distribuées et valorisées par de nouveaux exploitants et entrepreneurs agricoles. Il y aura aussi 150 000 jeunes qui seront formés.
Plusieurs actions pourraient créer de l’emploi au niveau du monde rural. Nous pouvons citer des actions concernant l’aménagement hydro-agricole, des projets de reboisement, d’aménagement de bassin versant ou d’aménagement sylvicole et l’aménagement de pistes pour faciliter le transport des produits agricoles.
4. Promouvoir un environnement propice à la mise en œuvre de la DNUAF
L’étude de la FAO, citée ci-haut, sur l’inclusion de la PAF dans le monde rural a dégagé qu’en dehors de l’investissement public à travers les projets et programmes de développement agricole et rural, la PAF était soumise à de fortes contraintes d’accès au financement qui ne lui permette pas de bénéficier des mécanismes de soutien à l’investissement privé. En effet, la dominance de statuts fonciers fragiles met la PAF en dehors des circuits bancaires, les écarts des prêts conventionnels en particulier ceux relayés par le Crédit Agricole du Maroc (Ardi, Tamwil El Fallah) mais aussi des subventions octroyées à travers le FDA. On a cependant constaté qu’une bonne part des exploitations étaient éligibles à un financement de Tamwil El Fellah (TEF).
Le suivi de l’inclusion de l’Agriculture Familiale présente un intérêt national considérable car il pourrait combler un vide important dans le suivi du développement rural au Maroc. Il n’existe pas, actuellement, de mécanisme de suivi du développement rural qui tienne compte de la diversité agroécologique des territoires agricoles du pays. Le système de suivi proposé pourrait apporter une réponse pour le suivi des politiques publiques dans la PAF.
Le soutien de la DNUAF, notamment en termes d’assistance technique, est très sollicité pour accompagner le Maroc dans la mise en place d’indicateurs de suivi et évaluation de l’évolution de la petite agriculture familiale et des effets des politiques publiques sur son inclusions économique et sociale.
La DNUAF peut accompagner aussi le pays dans la mesure des progrès accomplis au regard de la cible 2.3 des ODD.
5) Partenariats
Une génération nouvelle de partenariat avec tous les acteurs concernés du pays pourrait réussir le développement durable et relever tous les défis de développement de la PAF.
1) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in NENA region
This year Morocco has experienced two major major crises, first it has been confronted with climate change marked by three years of water deficit and irregular rains and the second is a health crisis caused by Covid-19 and its economic and social impacts. Despite these two crises, the fruit and vegetable markets were regularly supplied.
Faced with this situation, the Moroccan Government has taken measures to mitigate the effects of the drought on the one hand, and for the fight and protection against COVID-19 on the other hand. The Ministry of Agriculture, Maritime Fisheries, Rural Development, Water and Forests has set up a monitoring unit to monitor agricultural markets in coordination with inter-professional organizations. This unit, which brings together central and regional services, organizes daily meetings (through a teleworking system) and ensures that there is no disruption in agricultural production, in order to ensure a normal and regular supply of agricultural products to the national market.
Considering the containment rules put in place by the Moroccan Government, the rate of flow of agricultural products is not the same as before, due to problems of the availability of labor and transport of the produce. The workers only work half a day (8:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m.) and transporters sometimes find it difficult to obtain a traffic permit, which has caused an increase in labor and transport costs.
In terms of financing, the measures taken by the Groupe Crédit Agricole du Maroc to alleviate the impact of the rainfall deficit in the 2019-2020 agricultural season, through three funding areas: safeguarding the livestock, spring crop management, and maintenance of fruit trees. The Groupe has also opted for the restatement of farmers' indebtedness for their upcoming maturities: a one-year shift in the maturities of medium and long-term loans for small farmers and payment facilities for other farmers according to their repayment capacity.
For financial support, farmers who have the Medical Assistance Regime (RAMED) card have benefited from state support, others who do not have RAMED or CNSS can apply through the 12/12 phone platform, which was created in March, 2020.
Also inclusive social protection programs are developed by the Moroccan Government.
The new agricultural development strategy (Green Generation 2020-2030) launched at the beginning of this year is based on two pillars:
- Priority to the human element: through job creation, emergence of an agricultural middle class, entrepreneurship, agricultural organization, support;
- Sustainability of agricultural development, through the consolidation of production and development sectors, modernization of distribution, quality and green technology innovation, resilience and eco-efficiency.
2) Sustainable transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems
In the decades to come, the aridity of the climate should accentuate a rise from semi-arid to arid zones to the North. This drop in rainfall is the consequence of global warming.
The state of climate change and its impacts in Morocco (2015-2050) can be summarized as follows:
- Decrease in water resources per inhabitant and per year, from 2500 m3 in 1960 to 650 m3 currently. Climate change could cause the disappearance of 80% of the water resources available in the Kingdom in the next 25 years.
- A threat to food security, under the effect, in particular, of the shrinking of the productive base of agriculture and the increase in the food bill
- Increased fragility of the coastal area, with potential impacts on economic security
- Significant risks to health security, with the resurgence of water-borne diseases and the development of emerging diseases
- Exposure to the impacts of climate migration, with an increase in the rural exodus and an intensification of sub-Saharan immigration
- Serious threats to biodiversity, due to the overexploitation of natural resources, habitat fragmentation and loss, as well as pollution
Morocco is one of the countries where climate change is going to have a definite negative impact due to the weakness and great variability of water resources, which in turn will negatively affect natural resources and agriculture.
- Decrease in availability of irrigation water: Irrigated crops will thus be affected due to the reduction in water resources that can be mobilized for agriculture;
- Significant drop in yields;
- agricultural production changes in terms of quantity and quality; food diversity and distribution;
- Desertification of oasis ecosystems;
- Degradation of rangelands;
- Soil degradation through water and wind erosion;
- Animal production will be affected (numbers and production) due to the decrease in cultivated and pastoral fodder resources;
Directly or indirectly, the impacts of climate change on insect pests can affect many interspecies interactions and have ecosystem-wide impacts. Forest, water and lagoon ecosystems will be disturbed, especially in areas with fragile ecology.
The socio-economic effects of CC are as follows:
- Areas dominated by rain-fed agriculture will be the most affected;
- Small farmers (subsistence agriculture) who constitute the majority will be the most affected;
- High volatility in food prices;
- Lower income of farmers;
- Decrease in job opportunities;
- Increase in unemployment in rural areas.
- Increase in rural exodus;
- Rapid urbanization, which creates a category of urban poor who will themselves be very vulnerable to the effects of climate change
Food security can also be threatened by the deterioration of hygienic conditions surrounding the preparation of meals, if fresh water resources or food storage capacities become scarce due to a warming climate. The significant impact on nutrition will have a direct effect on the onset of disease. Malnutrition can also increase as a result of the gradual loss of biodiversity and over reliance on a few basic foods. When the health of human beings is compromised, especially that of women (responsible for preparing meals for their families), the ability to use food efficiently decreases hygienic conditions;
The potential impacts of climate change will be more direct on agriculture and the entire population (men and women), they will widen the gaps between the production potential and the food needs of the populations, hence the need to adapt production systems to these changes, the objective of which is to guarantee food security in a sustainable manner.
To cope with climate change, it is important on the one hand to adapt to its effects and on the other hand to tackle and mitigate their causes.
Agricultural production systems and food systems need to undergo profound transformation to meet the interrelated challenges of achieving sustainability, enhancing food security and coping with the effects of climate change.
In particular, food systems need to become more productive, more resilient to change and more efficient in the use of resources.
To cope with the effects of climate change on water resources for agriculture, it is necessary to invest in infrastructure and technologies such as more efficient irrigation technologies, to reduce evaporative losses and increase crop production, develop rainwater collection structures at farm level, to convey, store, distribute, use rainwater and runoff and mobilization of unconventional water technologies and resources such as seawater desalination and the reuse of treated wastewater. Implementing sustainable land, water and crop management practices can also reduce water losses and withdrawals.
Also, the right choice of cropping system, for the promotion of crops and agricultural activities adapted to agro-climatic contexts, would ensure sustainable agriculture. The choice also of varieties tolerant to drought-tolerant varieties and the use of direct sowing (zero tillage).
FAO has developed and disseminated the concept of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) through which a set of adaptation and mitigation measures have been taken to deal with the effects of climate change.
- Technical feasibility of the sectors (including for the adoption of innovative technologies: (intelligent in the face of the climate and natural resources and recoverable through signs of quality);
- Economic profitability (taking into account any opportunities for institutional innovations (contract farming, aggregation, other modes of vertical coordination, public procurement, etc.);
As part of its new Country Partnership Framework (CPF) for the period 2019-2024, the World Bank is supporting Morocco in realizing a technological transformation that involves digitization.
Also the World Bank and FAO are leading a reflection on the promotion of digital technologies in a pilot agricultural sector.
The UNDFF can only strengthen the initiatives undertaken in Morocco by the FAO and the World Bank to face the climatic and socio-economic challenges that arise.
3) Towards an inclusive and equitable growth
In 2018 a study was carried out by a team of FAO experts on behalf of the National Human Development Observatory (ONDH), and which focuses on the assessment of the inclusion of Small Family Farming (SSF). It has a triple function; first to contribute to the development of a reference situation for future observations, then to propose an approach for generalization to all agro-ecological spaces in Morocco and finally to assess the impacts of public policies on the territories analyzed.
Another project (Technical Cooperation Programme) is being launched for the establishment of indicators, through the collection of data for the monitoring and evaluation of the evolution of small family farming and the effects of public policies on its economic and social inclusion.
Small-scale family farming in Morocco is concerned by many plans, programs and projects under various public policies:
- Agricultural policy, in particular Pillar II (solidarity agriculture) plus the transversal program of the Green Morocco Plan (PMV);
- Development and conservation programs for natural resources (forestry development, biodiversity, combating desertification, climate change) involving small-scale family farmers in the efforts made for their economy and sustainable use;
- Strategies for fishing, crafts and other sectors when they concern the pluriactivity of small family farms;
- The National Human Development Initiative (poverty reduction programs, territorial development, income-generating activity). And the actions of the Social Development Agency (ADS).
The human element is one of the priorities of the new Green Generation strategy. This strategy provides for the creation of a new generation of young agricultural entrepreneurs, collective land will be distributed and developed by new farmers and agricultural entrepreneurs. There will also be 150,000 young people who will be trained.
Several actions could create employment in rural areas. We can cite actions concerning hydro-agricultural development, reforestation projects, watershed development or forestry development and the development of routes to facilitate the transport of agricultural products.
4) Enabling environment for the implementation of UNDFF
The FAO study, cited above, on the inclusion of small-scale family farming in the rural world revealed that apart from public investment through agricultural and rural development projects and programs, small-scale family farming was subject to strong constraints on access to financing which does not allow it to benefit from private investment support mechanisms. Indeed, the dominance of fragile land statutes puts small-scale family farmers outside the banking circuits, the differences of conventional loans in particular those relayed by Crédit Agricole du Maroc (Ardi, Tamwil El Fallah) but also subsidies granted through the Fonds de Développement Agricole (Agricultural Development Fund). However, it was found that a large proportion of the farms were eligible for funding from Tamwil El Fellah (TEF).
Monitoring the inclusion of family farming is of considerable national interest as it could fill an important void in monitoring rural development in Morocco. At present, there is no rural development monitoring mechanism that takes into account the agroecological diversity of the country's agricultural territories. The proposed monitoring system could provide an answer for monitoring public policies in the field of small-scale family farming.
The support of the UNDFF, in particular in terms of technical assistance, is in great demand to support Morocco in the establishment of monitoring and evaluation indicators of the evolution of small-scale family farming and the effects of public policies on its economic and social inclusion.
The UNDFF can also support the country in measuring the progress made with regard to SDG target 2.3.
5) Partnerships
A new generation of partnership with all the actors concerned on the country could achieve sustainable development and meet all the development challenges of small-scale family farming.
English translation below
خطة العمل الإقليمية لعقد الأمم المتحدة للزراعة الأسرية
السؤال رقم 1: تأثير تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 في منطقة الشرق الأدنى وشمال أفريقيا
نعم أدى تفشي فيروس كوفيد - 19 إلى تفاقم التحديات التي تواجهها الزراعة الاسرية للحيازات الصغيرة. من الملاحظ في مصرنا الحبيبة أن معظم المنتجات الزراعية من خضر وفاكهة ومحاصيل ومنتجات حيوانية خلال جائحة كورونا (كوفيد - 19) لم تزد أسعارها على الرغم من الزيادة النسبية في بعض من مستلزمات الإنتاج والتي أدت إلى زيادة تكاليف الإنتاج، وفي هذا المقام سوف نتحدث عن مجالات الثروة الحيوانية بصفة عامة وبصفة خاصة إنتاج الألبان واللحوم في الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الصغيرة.
أسباب تفاقم التحديات كثيرة منها ذو التأثير المباشر والتأثير الغير مباشر ومنها ما يلي:
- انخفاض الطلب على المنتجات الحيوانية:
من أسبابه انخفاض الطلب ضعف القوة الشرائية وخاصة في المستويات العاملة باليومية والعمالة الموسمية والعمالة المساعدة وغيرها. هذا الانخفاض في الطلب على اللبن أدى إلى انخفاض سعر لتر اللبن البقري للمربي من أمام المزرعة أو البيت (السريحة) أو لمراكز تجميع الالبان من حوالي 5.25 جنية/لتر إلى حوالي 4.0 وفي بعض المناطق 3.5 جنية/لتر مع العلم أن تكلفة إنتاج لتر اللبن تقدر بحوالي 4.5- 5.5 جنية لتر، اللبن الجاموسي انخفض سعرة من 9- 10 جنية/لتر إلى 8- 9 جنية/لتر وأقل من ذلك في بعض المناطق. على الجانب الأخر انخفض أسعار بيع حيوانات الحية أو الكيلو الحي انخفاض نسبي فالكيلو البقري انخفض من حوالي 54- 58 جنية/ كجم إلى 48- 52 جنية/كجم، والكيلو الجاموسي انخفض من 46- 50 جنية/كجم إلى 40- 44 جنية/كجم، ولكن الطلب على اللحوم كشعائر دينية في عيد الأضحى المبارك حد من انخفاض الأسعار بحده حتى تاريخه، والملاحظ أن أسعار اللحوم الحمراء للمستهلك أو عند الجزارين وعلى الأخص في المناطق الريفية والمدن الصغيرة لم تنخفض لمعدل انخفاض أسعار الحيوانات الحية فتقريبا سعر اللحوم شبة ثابت ويتراوح عن 80 – 110 جنية/كجم.
- ثابت أو زيادة أسعار مستلزمات الإنتاج:
خلال جائحة كورونا (كوفيد - 19) لم تنخفض أسعار مستلزمات الإنتاج من الأعلاف المركزة ومكوناتها والأدوية وغيرها، بل ثبت سعر القليل منها وزادت أسعار معظمها خاصة الأعلاف واضافات الأعلاف ومكملات العلائق والأدوية وغيرها.
مجالات التدخل الرئيسية لبناء قدرة الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الزراعية الصغيرة على التأقلم والصمود وضمان سبل كسب العيش المستدامة كثيرة ومنها ما يلي:
- تحسين أداء نقط ومراكز تجميع الالبان وسريحة تجميع الألبان في المناطق الريفية.
- الدعم الفني لمربي الزراعة الأسرية للحيازات الزراعية الصغيرة، يبدا الدعم الفني بتقدير وتقييم الوضع الحالي على الطبيعة، ثم العمل التحسين الوضع الحالي إلى الوضع المرجو الوصول اليه عبر الزيارات الميدانية والأيام الحقلية والندوات الإرشادية والدورات التدريبية وتبادل الزيارات بين المربيين.
- تحسين الأداء الإنتاجي كما وكيفا في الوقت الراهن وعبر الأجيال، في الوقت الراهن بالتعاون مع المربين أفراد وجماعات حيث يتم التعرف على أسس تحسين الإيواء للحيوانات عند المربي، والتعرف على اسس التغذية السليمة طبقا للاحتياجات الغذائية خلال المراحل العمرية والإنتاجية المختلفة بل والأهم هو التغذية بمفهوم اقتصادي، الرعاية الصحية والاهتمام بتنفيذ التحصينات الاختبارات البيطرية الدورية. أما التحسين عبر الأجيال لابد من ترسيخ فكرة وجوب أن تكون عجول وعجلات المربي أحسن من أباءها، والأهم هو ان تكون البنات او العجلات أمهات المستقبل (الجيل التالي أو القادم) أحسن من أمهاتها (الجيل الحالي أو الحاضر) من حيث الأداء الإنتاجي، ويتم ذلك عبر ما يلي:
- اختيار الأمهات المتميزة بالمزرعة من حيث الإمكانيات الوراثية والإمكانيات الظاهرية والسماح لها دون غيرها أن تكون أمهات للأجيال القادمة دون غيرها.
- ضرورة استبعاد الأمهات الغير متميزة وعدم السماح لها باستكمال دورة الحياة الإنتاجية.
- تلقيح الأمهات المتميزة والمختارة بثيران أكثر تميزا من حيث الإمكانيات الوراثية والإمكانيات الظاهرية، وتفضل الثيران المنسبة ومعرفة القيم التربوية، على أن تكون تلك الثيران الأكثر تميزا بعيدة النسب تماما عن الأمهات لتحاشي الأثار والنتائج السيئة للتربية الداخلية والحصول على مواليد متميزة من حيث الإمكانيات الوراثية والإمكانيات الظاهرية.
- الرعاية المتميزة للأمهات الحوامل من حيث تشخيص الحمل، والتغذية طبقا للاحتياجات الغذائية مع الأخذ بالمفهوم الاقتصادي في التغذية، والتجفيف في المواعيد المحددة، والاستعداد للولادة على أن تكون الولادة في المكان المناسب، ورعاية المواليد حديثة الولادة، ورعاية الأمهات الوالدة.
- الدعم لتسويق المنتجات الحيوانية المختلفة من التسويق التعاوني أو التسويق الجماعي أو جمعيات المربين أو أتحاد المربين وغيرها.
- شراء مستلزمات الإنتاج عبر الشراء الجماعي من خلال التعاونيات أو الجمعيات واتحادات المربين وغيرها.
- ضرورة الوضع في الاعتبار الفصل في المزارع الأسرية بين اقتصاديات مكونات الاقتصاد المزرعي، على أن تعمل الأرض كوحدة اقتصادية مستقلة، والحيوانات وحدة اقتصادية مستقلة، وفي حالة التداخل بين العناصر يجب الوضع في الاعتبار القيمة المضافة.
د/ الشافعي عبد القادر عمر
رئيس بحوث متفرغ- معهد بحوث الإنتاج الحيواني
محطة بحوث الإنتاج الحيواني بسخا- كفر الشيخ
Regional work plan for UN Decade for Family Farming
Issue 1: Effect of Covid-19 virus on the Near East and North Africa Region
The outbreak of COVID-19 has aggravated the challenges facing smallholder family farming. It is noticeable in our beloved Egypt that prices of most agricultural products, including vegetables, fruits, crops and animal products during the Covid-19 pandemic have not increased despite the relative increase in some of the production inputs that led to an increase in production costs. We will talk here about aspects of Livestock in general and the production of milk and meat in smallholder family farming in particular.
There are many reasons behind the aggravation of challenges, with both direct and indirect impacts, including, inter alia:
1) Lower demand on livestock products
Lower demand for livestock products is attributed to the weak purchasing power, especially among daily wage earners, seasonal labor, support workers and others. This decrease in the demand for milk led to a decrease in the farm gate price of a liter of cow's milk for the breeder or milkmen making home deliveries, or for the milk collection centers from about L.E 5.25 / liter to about L.E 4.0/ liter--- in some areas, L.E 3.5/ liter. To note, the cost of producing a liter of milk is estimated at about L.E 4.5- L.E 5.5 per liter. Price of buffalo milk has decreased from L.E 9- L.E 10/ liter to L.E 8- L.E 9/ liter; in some areas, it fetches less than that. On the other hand, the prices of selling live animals or a kilo of a live animal have decreased relatively. A kilo of beef has fallen from about L.E 54- L.E 58/ kg to L.E 48- L.E 52/ kg, and buffalo meat has decreased from L.E 46- L.E 50 / kg to L.E 40- L.E 44 / kg. However, the demand for meat to be used for religious rituals during Eid Al-Adha has halted the sharp decline of prices to date. It is worth noting that the retail prices of red meat for consumers and butchers, especially in rural areas and small cities, have not decreased in proportion to the rate of decrease in the prices of live animals. The price of meat is almost constant and ranges from L.E 80 – L.E 110/ kg.
2) stability or Increase of Prices of Production Inputs
During the Covid-19 pandemic, the prices of the production inputs including concentrated feeds and their components, medicines and others did not decrease. Rather, the price of a few inputs levelled off while the prices of most, especially feeds, feed additives, feed supplements, medicines and others, increased.
The main areas of intervention to build up the capacity of smallholder family farming for adaptation and resilience and ensuring sustainable livelihoods are many, including the following:
- Improving performance of milk collection points/ centers and milk collectors making their rounds in rural areas.
- Technical support for smallholder family farming breeders. Technical support begins with an on-the-ground assessment and evaluation of the current situation, then working to improve the current situation to reach the desired level through field visits, field days, extension seminars, training courses and exchange of visits between breeders.
- Improving productive performance, both quantitatively and qualitatively, at the present time and across generations. At present, cooperation should be with individual and group breeders, to familiarize them with the basics for improving livestock housing; the principles of proper nutrition according to the nutritional needs during different ages and productivity stages, and, even more importantly, cost-effective nutrition; and health care and focus on vaccinations, and periodic veterinary tests. As for genetic enhancement of livestock across generations, the idea that bull calves and heifers must be better than their parents, and, most importantly, that heifers or future cows (next or future generations) should be better than their mothers (the current or present generation) in terms of productive performance must be emphasized. This is done through the following:
- Selecting distinctive mothers at the farm in terms of genetic potential and apparent potential and marking them exclusively to be mothers for future generations.
- The necessity of excluding mothers with no distinctive characteristics and not allowing them to complete the productive life cycle.
- The selected and prime cows are mated with more prime bulls in terms of hereditary and outward potentials. It is preferable to use bulls from excellent breeds and be familiar with values/ethics of breeding القيم التربوية, provided that those most prime bulls are completely distant from the would-be mothers in order to avoid the negative effects and results of internal breeding and obtain distinct calves in terms of genetic potential and outward physical potentials.
- Special care for expectant mothers in terms of diagnosing pregnancy, feeding according to nutritional needs, taking into account cost-effective feeding, drying at specified dates, and making preparations for delivery, which should be at a suitable place, and providing postpartum care for calf and cow.
- Supporting marketing of various animal products, including cooperative marketing, group marketing, breeders 'associations, or breeders' union, as well as other forms of marketing.
- Making collective purchases of production inputs through cooperatives, associations, breeders' unions, and others.
- Necessity for family farms to consider components of family farms as separate economic units. That is, land is treated as a separate economic unit, and animals, another separate economic unit. In the case of overlap between the elements, the added value must be taken into account.
Dr. Al-Shafe’y Abd El-Qader Omar
Livestock Production Research Institute, Full time Head,
Livestock Production Research Station, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh
English translation below
1) Impact de l'épidémie de la COVID-19 dans la région NENA
La région du Proche-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord (NENA) est confrontée à des défis majeurs, dont l'éradication de la pauvreté et de la faim, ainsi que la lutte contre le changement climatique et la préservation des ressources naturelles afin d'éviter de nouvelles dégradations.
- Comment l'épidémie de COVID-19 a-t-elle exacerbé les difficultés rencontrées par les petits exploitants agricoles familiaux (SSFF)?
A partir de mi-mars 2020, le gouvernement tunisien a pris une série de décisions et de mesures pour faire face à cette pandémie de coronavirus, en particulier le confinement général, à partir du 19 mars 2020, et les mesures strictes qui l'accompagnent, dont la fermeture de divers marchés au bestiaux et des marchés hebdomadaires et la prévention des déplacements entre les gouvernorats et entre les villes. Ces mesures ont eu des effets directe sur les filières des produits d’origines animales en particulier :
Pour la filière laitière :
- Augmentation de la production considérant que cette période coïncide avec la saison de la haute production,
- Problème d’écoulement de la production notamment pour ceux qui approvisionnent le secteur parallèle, en particulier les unités traditionnelles de production de fromage et les points de vente directe qui ont connu une contraction significative de leur activité,
- Diminution des ventes de produits dérivés, en particulier de yaourts et de fromages engendrant une chute de la production de dérivés,
- Haute pression au niveau des unités industrielles de production du lait de boisson UHT confrontée à une offre de lait frais largement supérieure à sa demande (+30%)
- Énormes pertes causées par le refus de lait frais au niveau du quai des unités industrielles de production du lait de boisson UHT en raison de l'augmentation de l'offre de lait frais et de l'attente de camions-citernes devant ces unités de transformation entraînant une détérioration de la qualité
Pour la filière des viandes rouges :
- Perturbation du secteur de la viande rouge en raison de la suspension de l'activité des marchés au bestiaux et de la difficulté à vendre des animaux destinés à l'abattage,
- La fermeture d'un grand nombre de bouchers à leurs magasins pour l'impossibilité d'approvisionner en carcasses,
- Prix élevés de la viande de toutes sortes,
- Baisse de la consommation.
- Et quels sont les principaux domaines d'intervention susceptibles de favoriser efficacement la résilience des SSFF et de garantir des moyens de subsistance durables?
A/ Filière Laitière :
Proposition de travailler sur la combinaison de trois axes :
1. Axes Accompagnement des éleveurs pour la mise en place de la traite mécanique et l'installation du froid à la ferme dans le cadre d'une expérience pilote avec des petits et moyens éleveurs pour améliorer la qualité et réduire les pertes via un accord de partenariat entre industriels, centres de collecte, éleveurs, GIVLAIT et le bailleur de fonds pour l'installation de la traite mécanique et de la réfrigération du lait à la ferme comprenant:
1. Protocole: engagement des parties prenantes
2. Prix du lait pour les éleveurs : augmentation d'au moins 50 millimes / litres pour couvrir les frais de réfrigération et encourager les éleveurs et les centres de collecte à se joindre à cette action
3. Création d'une cellule de suivi et d'évaluation de l’actions
(Coût total de l’action : 20 centres X 5 éleveurs X 20000 DT = 2000 000 DT
Coût estimatif de l’action : 2 000 000 Dinars Tunisien
2. Axes : - Prendre toutes les mesures préventives pour toutes les parties prenantes conformément aux normes de santé et de sécurité pour assurer la continuité de la production, de la collecte, de la transformation et de l'approvisionnement du marché, via des aides directes aux opérateurs des maillons de la production et de la collecte pour l’acquisition et la fourniture des moyens de protection des intervenants et de désinfection (désinfectants, bavettes, …) :
- des locaux des coopératives, des centres de collecte de lait, des véhicules de transport et des équipements et de traite mécanique
- Le personnel et la main d’œuvre agissant aux coopératives, Centres de Collecte de Lait,, Transporteurs, et éleveurs
(Coût total de l’action : 200 centres X 5 transporteurs X 20 éleveurs X 50 DT = 1000 000 DT
Coût estimatif de l’action : 1 000 000 Dinars Tunisien
3. Axes : Appui technique des opérateurs des maillons de la production et de la collecte :
- Production de supports de vulgarisation (flyers / affiches / brochures / dépliants) présentant les bonnes pratiques d'hygiène: mesures préventives et des gestes barrières contre coronavirus.
- Communiquer les instructions par SMS / E-mail
- Aménagement de la page d'accueil du site Givlait avec affiches et supports de vulgarisation
Coût estimatif de l’action : 200 000 Dinars Tunisien
B/ Filière Viandes Rouges :
Proposition de travailler sur la combinaison de trois axes :
1. Aides directes aux engraisseurs adhérents au programme d’encouragement à l’engraissement des bovins et l’augmentation des poids de carcasse à raison de 300 Kg d’aliment concentré/tête : 5kg concentré/jour/tête pendant 2 mois (du 19 mars au 24 mai 2020)
(Coût total de l’action : 300 kg X 5000 veaux X 800 DT/tonne de concentré : 1 200 000 DT)
Coût estimatif de l’action : 1 200 000 Dinars Tunisien
2. Valorisation des TIC (Technologies de l'information et de la communication) afin de faciliter la commercialisation du produit fini sans être obligé de se déplacer vers les marchés aux bestiaux et aussi en minimisant le flux de visiteurs (mesures de sécurité COVID: réduction de la mobilité des éleveurs)
Nous proposons le développement d'un marché virtuel du bétail à travers la mise en place d'une plateforme de vente informatisée entre les engraisseurs, les bouchers, les grossistes de viandes rouges et même les grandes surfaces.
L'idée consiste à développer une application informatisée (gérée par le GIVLAIT) qui permettra d'établir une relation commerciale directe entre les engraisseurs et les bouchers tout en fournissant les informations nécessaires sur l'animal (race, poids, âge, lieu de la ferme, la photo de l'animal (bovin, ovin, caprin,…) nom du propriétaire, ses coordonnées,… etc.) et plusieurs autres informations.
Avantages :
- Réduire les déplacements des opérateurs vers les marchés aux bestiaux et réduire le risque de contamination et la propagation de la pandémie
- Mise en place d'un système d'information (feedback) entre éleveurs, transporteurs, bouchers et tous ceux qui se rendent sur les marchés,
- Énumérer les éleveurs en difficulté qui n'ont pas pu vendre leurs produits finis et les aider à trouver un déboucher certain pour ces produits
- Fournir toutes les informations utiles et nécessaires sur l'animal, le propriétaire, le transporteur et le boucher
- Avoir une idée sur la traçabilité des viandes rouges
- Mettre en place des campagnes de sensibilisation et de vulgarisation sur les bonnes pratiques agricoles
Cette plateforme est une solution de cette période de crise mais aussi peut faire avancer la filière des viandes rouges a long terme.
Coût estimatif de l’action : 100 000 Dinars Tunisien
3. Axes : Appui technique des opérateurs de la filière des viandes rouges :
- Production de posters et affiches destinés aux acteurs de la filière des viandes rouges (Sté de découpes et de commercialisation des viandes rouges de gros, des abattoirs, des marchés aux bestiaux, des engraisseurs) présentant des mesures préventives et des gestes de barrière contre la convoitise19 (gestion des déchets -BPH ...)
- Communiquer les instructions par SMS / E-mail
- Aménagement de la page d'accueil du site Givlait avec affiches et supports de vulgarisation
Coût estimatif de l’action : 200 000 Dinars Tunisien
- Pouvez-vous nous faire part d'exemples de réussite dans la région?
Le Projet : « Réduction des pertes et gaspillage alimentaires et développement des chaines de valeurs pour la sécurité alimentaire en Egypte et en Tunisie »
Référence : Projet GCP/RNE/004/ITA
Protocole d’accord N° : 2018/10 du 20/12/2018 (FAO – GIVLAIT )
- Atelier final du projet réduction des pertes et gaspillage alimentaires : Présentation des résultats du projet : Expérience réussie de la chaine de valeur lait
- Présentation des résultats d’un travail de recherche : ″Etude d’Impact du Froid à la Ferme sur la Qualité du Lait et la Rentabilité Économique dans la Région de Bizerte – Tunisie"
- Présentation des résultats d’un travail de recherche : ″Contribution à l’évaluation des pertes de la filière laitière dans la région de Bizerte et étude de leurs impacts économique et environnemental"
1) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in NENA region
The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is facing key challenges including ending poverty and hunger as well as responding to climate change and the conservation of natural resources to avoid further degradation.
- How does/did the COVID-19 outbreak exacerbate the challenges faced by small-scale family farmers (SSFF)?
From mid-March 2020, the Tunisian government has taken a series of decisions and measures to deal with this coronavirus pandemic, in particular general containment, from March 19, 2020, and the strict measures that accompany it including closing various livestock and weekly markets and preventing movement between governorates and between cities. These measures have in particular had direct effects on the sectors of products of animal origin:
For the dairy sector:
- Increase in production considering that this period coincides with the high production season,
- Production flow problem, especially for those supplying the parallel sector, in particular traditional cheese production units and direct sales outlets which have experienced a significant contraction in their activity,
- Decrease in sales of derivative products, in particular yogurts and cheeses, resulting in a drop in the production of derivatives,
- High pressure at the level of industrial units for the production of UHT drinking milk, faced with a supply of fresh milk far greater than its demand (+ 30%)
- Huge losses caused by the refusal of fresh milk at the quayside of industrial units for the production of UHT drinking milk due to the increase in the supply of fresh milk and the waiting of tankers in front of these units of processing leading to deterioration of quality.
For the red meat sector:
- Disruption of the red meat sector due to the suspension of activity in livestock markets and the difficulty in selling animals for slaughter,
- The closure of a large number of butchers in their stores for the inability to supply carcasses,
- High prices of meat of all kinds,
- Lower consumption.
- And what are the main areas of interventions that could efficiently build SSFF resilience and ensure sustainable livelihood?
A/ Dairy sector:
Proposal to work on the combination of three axes:
1. Axes: Support for breeders in setting up mechanical milking and installing refrigeration on the farm as part of a pilot experiment with small and medium breeders to improve quality and reduce losses through an agreement partnership between manufacturers, collection centers, breeders, GIVLAIT and the donor for the installation of mechanical milking and refrigeration of milk on the farm including:
- Protocol: stakeholder engagement
- Price of milk for breeders: increase of at least 50 millimes / liters to cover refrigeration costs and encourage breeders and collection centers to join this action
- Creation of an action monitoring and evaluation unit
(Total cost of the action: 20 centers X 5 breeders X 20,000 TD = 2,000,000 TD
Estimated cost of the action: 2,000,000 Tunisian Dinars
2. Axes: - Take all preventive measures for all stakeholders in accordance with health and safety standards to ensure the continuity of production, collection, processing and supply to the market, via direct aid to the operators of the production and collection links for the acquisition and supply of means of protection of workers and of disinfection (disinfectants, bibs, etc.):
- premises of cooperatives, milk collection centers, transport vehicles and equipment and mechanical milking
- The staff and the workforce working in cooperatives, milk collection centers, transporters, and breeders
(Total cost of the action: 200 centers X 5 carriers X 20 breeders X 50 TD = 1,000,000 TD
Estimated cost of the action: 1,000,000 Tunisian Dinars
3. Axes: Technical support for operators in the production and collection links:
- Production of extension materials (flyers / posters / brochures / leaflets) presenting good hygiene practices: preventive measures and barriers against coronavirus.
- Communicate instructions by SMS / E-mail
- Development of the home page of the Givlait site with posters and extension materials
Estimated cost of the action: 200,000 Tunisian Dinars
B/ Red meat sector:
Proposal to work on the combination of three axes:
1. Direct aid to fatteners adhering to the program to encourage the fattening of cattle and the increase in carcass weight at the rate of 300 kg of concentrated feed / head: 5 kg concentrated / day / head for 2 months (from 19 March to May 24, 2020)
(Total cost of the action: 300 kg X 5,000 calves X 800 TD / ton of concentrate: 1,200,000 TD)
Estimated cost of the action: 1,200,000 Tunisian Dinars
2. Development of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) in order to facilitate the marketing of the finished product without having to travel to the cattle markets and also by minimizing the flow of visitors (COVID security measures: reduction mobility of breeders)
We propose the development of a virtual cattle market through the establishment of a computerized sales platform for fatteners, butchers, red meat wholesalers and even supermarkets.
The idea is to develop a computerized application (managed by GIVLAIT) which will allow a direct commercial relationship to be established between fatteners and butchers while providing the necessary information on the animal (breed, weight, age, place of production. farm, the photo of the animal (bovine, sheep, goat,…) name of the owner, his contact details,… etc.) and other information.
Advantages:
- Reduce operator trips to livestock markets and reduce the risk of contamination and the spread of the pandemic
- Establishment of an information system (feedback) for breeders, transporters, butchers and all those who go to the markets,
- List the breeders in difficulty who have not been able to sell their finished products and help them find a certain outlet for these products.
- Provide all the useful and necessary information on the animal, the owner, the transporter and the butcher
- Get an idea of the traceability of red meat
- Set up awareness and extension campaigns on good agricultural practices
This platform is a solution for this period of crisis but also can advance the red meat sector in the long term.
Estimated cost of the action: 100,000 Tunisian Dinars
3. Axes: Technical support for operators in the red meat sector:
- Production of posters and intended for actors in the red meat industry (cutting and marketing company for wholesale red meat, slaughterhouses, cattle markets, fatteners) presenting preventive measures and barriers against covid-19 (waste management – hygienic practices...)
- Communicate instructions by SMS / E-mail
- Development of the home page of the Givlait site with posters and extension materials
Estimated cost of the action: 200,000 Tunisian Dinars
- Can you share success examples in the region?
The Project: "Reduction of food losses and waste and development of value chains for food security in Egypt and Tunisia"
Reference: Project GCP/RNE/004/ITA
Protocol of Agreement N° : 2018/10 of 20/12/2018 (FAO – GIVLAIT )
- Final workshop of the food loss and waste reduction project: Presentation of the project results: Successful experience of the milk value chain
- Presentation of the results of research work: ″Study of the impact of cooling on the farm on the quality of milk and economic profitability in the region of Bizerte”
- Presentation of the results of research work: “Contribution to the evaluation of losses in the dairy sector in the region of Bizerte and study of their economic and environmental impacts”
English translation below
1) Impact de l'épidémie de la COVID-19 dans la région NENA
La région du Proche-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord (NENA) est confrontée à des défis majeurs, dont l'éradication de la pauvreté et de la faim, ainsi que la lutte contre le changement climatique et la préservation des ressources naturelles afin d'éviter de nouvelles dégradations.
- Comment l'épidémie de COVID-19 a-t-elle exacerbé les difficultés rencontrées par les petits exploitants agricoles familiaux (SSFF)?
- Par des difficultés d’accès au marché et aux services (confinement, restrictions de déplacement, fermeture des souks,…)
- Et quels sont les principaux domaines d'intervention susceptibles de favoriser efficacement la résilience des SSFF et de garantir des moyens de subsistance durables?
- Accès aux marchés à travers : contrats avec les supermarchés, l’industrie agroalimentaire et e-commerce
- Pouvez-vous nous faire part d'exemples de réussite dans la région?
Les marchés solidaires créés par la Fondation Mohamed VI pour la Solidarité. Les marchés hebdomadaires bio organisés par le réseau RIAM (agroécologie)
2) Transition viable vers des systèmes agroalimentaires plus durables
Pour répondre aux besoins d'une population croissante, il est essentiel d'accélérer la transition vers des systèmes alimentaires plus durables, notamment en tenant compte de la dégradation des ressources naturelles déjà rares et de l'impact du changement climatique dans la région NENA.
- Pouvez-vous décrire brièvement les principaux facteurs d'impact des changements climatiques sur la productivité des principaux systèmes agricoles de la région?
- Diminution des rendements, minimisation des coûts de production en vue de minimiser les risques (donc moins d’investissement, peu d’amélioration des systèmes de production >>> cercle ficieux), voire abandon de l’agriculture au profit de l’urbanisation (spéculation immobilière) dans les zones périurbaines
- Comment faire en sorte que l'innovation et les solutions numériques accélèrent cette transition des systèmes agro-alimentaires?
- Créer des plateformes d’échange gérées par les Organisations Professionnelles d’Agriculteurs, avec l’appui de l’Etat (accès à la technologie, encadrement, gestion,…)
- Comment la DNUAF peut-elle fournir des outils et des mesures qui aident le SSFF à faire face aux défis climatiques et socio-économiques?
La DNUAF peut-elle fournir des outils et des mesures qui aident le SSFF à faire face aux défis climatiques et socio-économiques, en : 1) Identifiant et diffusant les « succes strories », 2) Elaboration et diffusant des guides de procédures et des guides de pratiques techniques, en créant des points focaux relais (au niveau national et régional) entre les producteurs et les marchés national, régional et international
3) Vers une croissance inclusive et équitable
L'amélioration de la productivité et de la durabilité des petites exploitations agricoles familiales ne suffira pas à elle seule pour atteindre les objectifs de la DNUAF ou les ODD dans la région NENA. La mobilisation des adolescents et des jeunes, des femmes et des personnes en situation de vulnérabilité, comme les migrants, sera essentielle pour parvenir à une croissance à long terme, inclusive et équitable.
- Dans votre expérience, quels sont les stratégies, instruments ou mécanismes efficaces pour garantir un accès adéquat aux services, aux ressources et à la protection sociale des groupes marginalisés ou vulnérables, y compris dans les contextes humanitaires?
- Le Covid 19 a mis à nu de nombreuses insuffisances, mais il a également permis de franchir le pas et de traiter dans l’urgence avec le secteur informel (et de fait de le reconnaitre officiellement) et surtout qu’il était possible d’apporter directement une aide aux plus démunies sans passer par les circuits classiques. L’internet, le tel portable, le système bancaire et de transfert d’argent,… ont joué un rôle crucial dans cette « révolution ». La dernière initiative royale de généralisation de la protection sociale, de l’assurance chômage et de la retraite d’ici cinq ans est à prendre en exemple (Les agences de l’ONU et en particulier la FAO pourraient jouer un rôle de premier plan dans la mise en œuvre de cette initiative).
- Malgré le caractère informel du secteur agricole, tout soutien aux petites exploitations familiales peut et doit aller de pair avec la promotion de l’Agenda du travail décent. Les agriculteurs familiaux accomplissent des travaux pénibles et parfois dangereux afin de réduire les coûts et compenser la faible productivité de l'exploitation, au point d'impliquer également les enfants. Sur la base de votre expérience, pourriez-vous indiquer trois actions prioritaires qui permettraient de créer des emplois décents pour les petits exploitants ruraux, les jeunes et les femmes, et d'éliminer le travail des enfants dans les exploitations agricoles familiales.
- Le travail décent ne peut être décrété d’en haut, mais il faut d’abord améliorer la productivité de l’agriculture familiale et diminuer la pénibilité au travail aussi bien pour les jeunes que pour les femmes (mécanisation, accès au financement, l’amélioration du conseil agricole, élaboration de bonnes pratiques,…). Rendre l’école plus accessible et attractive aux jeunes garçons et filles et sensibiliser les parents agriculteurs au fait que la scolarisation est un levier pour améliorer leurs revenus et sortir de la précarité…
4) Promouvoir un environnement propice à la mise en œuvre de la DNUAF
La création d'un environnement favorable à la mise en œuvre du plan d'action régional de la DNUAF suppose de disposer de ressources suffisantes et d'une gouvernance et de dispositions institutionnelles efficaces et inclusives.
- Comment définir les rôles des gouvernements, des organismes de développement, des organisations d'agriculteurs, de la société civile et du secteur privé dans la mise en œuvre de la DNUAF dans la région?
- Plus d’investissement dans la recherche/développement et dans le conseil agricole. Plus de promotion des activités de la société civile et du PPP.Quels sont les goulets d'étranglement auxquels les institutions susmentionnées peuvent se heurter dans la mise en œuvre de la DNUAF dans la région et comment y remédier? Par exemple, en termes de politiques, de ressources financières, de capacités techniques, etc.
- LA GOUVERNANCE
5) Partenariats
Des partenariats associés à des initiatives de développement durable peuvent créer des synergies permettant de relever des défis interdépendants qui doivent être abordés.
- Dans le but de mettre en œuvre le Plan d'action de la DNUAF et de ses sept piliers dans la région NENA, comment construire et établir des partenariats innovants? Et comment/quelles initiatives existantes proposez-vous de reproduire ou d'étendre?
Moins de canaux officiels (je sais que c’est difficile) et plus d’ouverture sur les partenaires sociaux et économiques.
1) Impact of COVID-19 outbreak in NENA region
The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is facing key challenges including ending poverty and hunger as well as responding to climate change and the conservation of natural resources to avoid further degradation.
- How does/did the COVID-19 outbreak exacerbate the challenges faced by small-scale family farmers (SSFF)?
- By difficulties in accessing the market and services (confinement, movement restrictions, closure of souks, etc.)
- And what are the main areas of interventions that could efficiently build SSFF resilience and ensure sustainable livelihood?
- Market access through: contracts with supermarkets, the agri-food industry and e-commerce
- Can you share success examples in the region?
Solidarity markets created by the Mohamed VI Foundation for Solidarity. Weekly organic markets organized by the RIAM network (agroecology).
2) Sustainable transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems
In order to meet the needs of a growing population, it is essential to accelerate the transition toward more sustainable food systems with special consideration to the degradation of the already scarce natural resources and climate change impact in the NENA region.
- Can you give brief description of key CC impact factors on productivity of main farming systems in the region?
- Reduction in yields, minimization of production costs in order to minimize risks (therefore less investment, little improvement in production systems >>> vicious circle), or even abandonment of agriculture in favor of urbanization (real estate speculation) in peri-urban areas.
- How can innovation and digital solutions accelerate such transition of the agi-food systems?
- Create exchange platforms managed by Professional Farmers' Organizations, with state support (access to technology, supervision, management, etc.)
- How can the UNDFF provide tools and measures that help SSFF facing the climate and socioeconomic challenges?
Can the UNDFF provide tools and measures that help the SSFF to face climatic and socio-economic challenges, by: 1) identifying and disseminating “success stories”, 2) development and dissemination of procedural guides and technical practice guides, by creating focal points (at national and regional level) between producers and national, regional and international markets.
3) Towards an inclusive and equitable growth
- Improving the productivity and sustainability of small-scale family farmers alone will not be sufficient to achieve the UNDFF milestones or SDG goals in the NENA region. The engagement of adolescents and youth, women and individuals in vulnerable situations such as migrants, will be critical to long term, inclusive and equitable growth.
- Based on your experience, what are effective strategies, instruments or mechanisms to ensure adequate access to services, resources and social protection among marginalized or vulnerable groups, including in humanitarian contexts?
- Covid 19 exposed many shortcomings, but it also made it possible to take the leap and deal urgently with the informal sector (and in fact to officially recognize it), and above all it was possible to provide direct assistance to the most disadvantaged without going through traditional circuits. The internet, cellphones, banking and money transfer systems,… have played a crucial role in this "revolution". The latest generous initiative of generalizing social protection, unemployment insurance and pensions within five years is to be taken as an example (UN agencies and in particular FAO could play a leading role in the implementation of this initiative).
- Despite the informality of the agriculture sector, any support for smallholder family farming can and should go hand in hand with the promotion of the Decent work Agenda. Family farmers are engaged in arduous and sometimes hazardous work to cut costs and compensate for the farm’s low productivity to an extent of involving children too, based on your experience please give three priority actions to enable decent employment for rural smallholders, youth and women and to eliminate child labour in family farming.
- Decent work cannot be decreed from above, but it is first necessary to improve the productivity of family farming and reduce the hardship at work for both young people and women (mechanization, access to finance, improvement of agricultural advice, development of good practices, etc.). Make school more accessible and attractive to young boys and girls and educate farmer parents that education is a lever for improving their income and getting out of poverty...
4) Enabling environment for the implementation of UNDFF
The creation of a favorable environment for the implementation of the regional action plan of the UNFFIC presupposes having sufficient resources and effective and inclusive governance and institutional arrangements.
- How do you define roles of Governments, development agencies, farmers’ organizations, civil society and private sector in implementing the UNDFF in the region?
- More investment in research / development and agricultural advice. More promotion of civil society and PPP activities. What are the bottlenecks –any of the above institutions may encounter in achieving the UNDFF implementation in the region and how to overcome them? E.g. in terms of policies, financial resources, technical capacities, etc.
- The governance
5) Partnerships
Partnerships associated with sustainable development initiatives can create synergies to address interconnected challenges that need to be addressed.
- With the aim to implement the UNDFF action plan in its seven pillars in the NENA region, how can innovative partnerships be built and established? And how/what existing initiatives would you propose to replicate or scale up?
Fewer official channels (I know it's difficult) and more openness to social and economic partners.
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