FISHPOND ENGINEERING:
A TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR SMALL-AND MEDIUM-SCALE COASTAL FISH FARMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
A TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR SMALL-AND MEDIUM-SCALE COASTAL FISH FARMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
| Workplan Implementation | SCS Manual No.5 | |
| (General) |
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FISHPOND ENGINEERING: A TECHNICAL MANUAL FOR SMALL-AND MEDIUM-SCALE COASTAL FISH FARMS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA |
by
C. R. dela Cruz
SOUTH CHINA SEA FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT AND COORDINATING PROGRAMME
Manila, Philippines
September 1983
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
NOTICE OF COPYRIGHT
The copyright in this publication is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Application for such permission with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be made through and addressed to the Programme Leader, South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, P.O. Box 1184, M.C.C., Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines.
A regional Consultation/Seminar on Coastal Fishpond Engineering was held in Surabaya, Indonesia, 4–12 August 1982. A group of specialists on this subject participated in the Seminar with the objectives to assemble available information, identify gaps in knowledge and constraints to development, and formulate possible future programmes in this field. The Seminar was sponsored by the FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme (SCSP) and was hosted jointly by the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD) and the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) of Indonesia.
The Consultation/Seminar underscored the importance of engineering to the rapidly developing coastal fishpond industry in the Southeast Asian Region. It strongly recommended the preparation of a Manual on Coastal Fishpond Engineering for the region. In compliance with this recommendation, the following Manual has been drafted through an author's contract with Dr. Catalino R. dela Cruz Aquaculture Engineer and former Dean, College of Inland Fisheries and concurrently Director, Freshwater Aquaculture Center, Central Luzon State University, Munoz, Nueva Ecija province, Philippines.
The available information on the subject is very limited. The author depended mainly on the papers contributed in the Seminar, on the discussions by the participants, and on previously published papers. He also made use of two recent country manuals, one on Fishpond Engineering by the FAO/UNDP/BFAR Brackishwater Aquaculture Development and Training Project in the Philippines, and the other on Fishpond Construction by Wit Tarnchalanukit of the Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University in Thailand. From this compilation, a manual of a regional nature is presented. The set of illustrations which is based on practices in the different countries of the region should be highly useful.
The opinions expressed by the author of this manual are those of his own and not necessarily of the Organization. It is hoped that the manual will serve as a stepping stone upon which the knowledge of aquaculture engineering can build upon in the future.
| ERLING O. OSWALD Sr. Small-Scale Fisheries Specialist (Officer-in-Charge) |
The author is grateful to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for providing him the opportunity to write this Manual. He is particularly indebted to Mr. Arthur G. Woodland, former Programme Leader and Mr. Erling O. Oswald, the incumbent Senior Small-Scale Fishery Specialist (Officer-in-Charge) of the FAO/UNDP South China Sea Fisheries Development and Coordinating Programme, for their continued support which brought this Manual to a successful completion.
His deep gratitude and appreciation also goes to:
Dr. Herminio R. Rabanal and Mr. Vincentius Soesanto of the Programme, for their keen interests, genuine concern, and for editing and giving suggestions which have been gratefully considered in this Manual; Ms. Leticia S. Perello of the Programme, for patiently typing the final draft and Mr. Antonio Gonzales for doing the illustrations.
Messrs. Ruben C. Sevilleja, Tereso A. Abella and Zaldy Bartolome of the Central Luzon State University for their concern and assistance in some portions of the Manual; and Misses Norlyn Andres and Corazon Remocal for typing some of the preliminary drafts; and for all those who in one way or other helped in the making of this manual.
Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.
This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.
1.1 Status
1.2 Potentials
1.3 Major engineering problems of coastal fishponds
1.3.1 Problems due to climate and hydrology
1.3.2 Environmental influences
1.3.3 Engineering specific problems
CHAPTER 2 - SELECTION OF FISH FARM SITE
2. EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF SITE
2.1.1 Water supply
2.1.2 Tidal range and ground elevation
2.1.3 Soil characteristics
2.1.4 Topography of the site
2.1.5 Type and density of vegetation
2.1.6 Climatic and watershed conditions around the site
2.1.7 Other criteria
2.2.1 Method of evaluation
2.2.2 Illustration of the point system
CHAPTER 3 - DETAILED ENGINEERING AND ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN POTENTIAL/ SELECTED SITES
3. DETAILED SURVEYS AFTER SITE SELECTION
3.1 Engineering survey equipment
3.2 Measurement of distances
3.2.1 Pacing
3.2.2 Taping
3.2.3 The stadia method
3.3 Measurement of angles and directions
3.3.1 Methods of expressing angles and directions
3.3.2 Methods of determining angles and directions
3.4 Laying out perpendicular and parallel lines
3.4.1 Laying out perpendicular lines
3.4.2 Laying out parallel lines
3.5 Measurement of areas
3.6 Topographic survey
3.6.1 Levelling
3.6.2 Differential levelling
3.6.3 Profile levelling
3.6.4 Contour mapping
3.6.5 Topographic survey by sounding
3.7 Ecological (environmental) survey
3.7.1 Water quality
3.7.2 Salinity in rivers and canals
3.7.3 Tidal range, currents and prevailing directions
3.7.4 Biological
CHAPTER 4 - LAYOUT DESIGNS FOR COASTAL FISH FARMS
4. COMPONENTS AND LAYOUT PLAN OF POND SYSTEM
4.1 Components of a fish farm
4.2 Types of pond compartments
4.2.1 Fry acclimatization pond
4.2.2 Nursery pond
4.2.3 Transition pond
4.2.4 Production or rearing pond
4.2.5 Catching pond
4.2.6 Food growing pond
4.3.1 Suitability of layout for cultured species
4.3.2 Layout appropriate for prescribed management method
4.4 Location of gates and water supply/drainage canals
4.5 Other facilities/features in pond system
4.5.1 Peripheral, central or diagonal ditch
4.5.2 Division pond
4.5.3 Reservoir pond
4.5.4 Sedimentation basin
4.5.5 Chilling tank
4.5.6 Road system
4.5.7 Housing site
CHAPTER 5 - DESIGN OF FISH FARM PHYSICAL STRUCTURES
5. DESIGN OF FISH FARM GATES AND POND SYSTEM
5.1 Design tide curve and elevation of pond bottom
5.2 Design, specifications and components of main water control gate
5.2.1 Components of water control gates
5.2.2 Main gate
5.3 Design of secondary and tertiary gates and other water control structures
5.3.1 Secondary and tertiary gates
5.3.2 Culverts or pipes
5.4 Design and specifications of main or perimeter dike
5.4.1 Location of perimeter dike
5.4.2 Cross-section of main dike
5.4.3 Leakage and seepage
5.5 Cross-section of secondary and tertiary dikes
5.5.1 Determination of height
5.5.2 Side slope, crown and base
5.6 Design of various types of ponds and pond bottom
5.7 Design of water canals or channels
5.7.1 Kinds of water channel
5.7.2 Cross-section of canal bed
5.7.3 Design velocity
5.7.4 Design requirement for multiple use
CHAPTER 6 - CONSTRUCTION OF A FISH FARM
6. CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES, EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
6.1 Pre-construction activities
6.1.1 Programming of activity and staffing of the project
6.1.2 Procurement/stockpiling of materials
6.1.3 Site clearing
6.2.1 Equipment for manual construction
6.2.2 Heavy equipment for construction
6.3.1 Construction of reinforced concrete or hollow block main and secondary gates
6.3.2 Construction of main secondary and tertiary wooden gates and pipes
6.3.3 Construction of perimeter or main dike
6.3.4 Construction of secondary and tertiary dikes
6.3.5 Construction of water canals
6.3.6 Pond levelling
CHAPTER 7 - EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES FOR FISH FARM OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT
7.1 Equipment for maintenance and repairs
7.1.1 Digging tools
7.1.2 Levelling tools
7.1.3 Desilting equipment
7.2.1 Fingerling seine
7.2.2 Fingerling suspension net
7.2.3 Gillnet seine
7.2.4 Screens on water control structures
7.2.5 Harvesting bagnet on gates
7.2.6 Cast net
7.2.7 Bamboo screen trap
7.3 Equipment for monitoring and maintenance of water quality
7.3.1 Water circulation and aeration
7.3.2 Analysis kit
CHAPTER 8 - WATER PUMPS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL FISH FARMS
8. PUMP SELECTION AND INSTALLATION FOR AQUACULTURE
8.1 Terminology used in pumps
8.2 Types of pumps for aquaculture
8.2.1 Centrifugal pump
8.2.2 Deep-well turbine pump
8.2.3 Propeller pump
8.2.4 Special types of pumps
8.3 Selection of pump
8.4 Components of a pumping plant
8.5 Design of suction pump
8.6 Power requirement
8.7 Selection of prime mover
8.8 Accessories and other devices
8.9 Pump installations in certain conditions
8.10 Economics of pump use
CHAPTER 9 - DEVELOPMENT COSTS OF COASTAL FISH FARMS
9. COST ITEMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A FISH FARM
9.1 Cost of land
9.2 Feasibility, planning and designing cost
9.2.1 Pre-construction evaluation work
9.2.2 Costs
9.3.1 Land clearing and grubbing
9.3.2 Earthwork
9.3.3 Cost of water control gates and other structures/facilities
9.3.4 Other costs
9.4 Estimating development cost
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix A - Supplemental information about tide and uses of tide data
B - Detailed procedures in determining proper width of sluice gate
C - Acid sulfate soils
D - Measuring areas of prospective fish farm sites
E - Seepage flow through dike
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Status and potential of brackishwater (coastal) pond aquaculture in Southeast Asia
2.1 Tidal characteristics and suitabilities for aquaculture in some areas of the South China Sea region
2.2 Texture and textural name of the three main types of soil
2.3 Relationship of soil classes and suitability for dike material
2.4 Definition of soil for various textural classification
2.5 Physical and chemical characteristics of soil in relation to type of vegetation found
2.6 Characteristics and points earned by four sites
2.7 Evaluation of suitability for fishpond development of various swampland sites surveyed in
West Malaysia
3.1 Differential level note for Figure 3.18
3.2 The profile level note for Figure 3.20
3.3 Format for the level note for laying-out-square method
3.4 Format for the level notes for random-shot method
3.5 Sample field data on survey by soundings
4.1 Comparison of various layouts of milkfish ponds
5.1 Seepage flow through dikes with three effective widths
5.2 Relationship among the top width, bottom width and height of dike with given side slopes
5.3 Cross-sectional area. A of trapezoidal earthen canal at given side slope, Z: l; water depth, d; and bottom
width, b
5.4 Velocity of water (m sec) in trapezoidal earthen canal in clay soil at given side slope; roughness coefficient,
n=0.025; depth, d; and bottom width, b
8.1 Characteristics of different types of propeller pumps
8.2 Some data on push pump installation in Thailand
8.3 Friction loss of water, in feet per 100 ft of clean wrought-iron or steel pipe
8.4 Length of steel pipe, in feet, equivalent to fittings and values
9.1 Example of estimate of material and labour requirement for water control gates
B.1 Values used in tide curve and estimates of water level in the pond of example problem
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Areas in Southeast Asia where coastal fish farming is practiced
2.1 Suitability of proposed fishpond site based on tidal ranges and ground elevation under Philippine
condition with tide range of (-)0.6 to 2.2 m or 2.8 m
2.2 Tidal characteristics of Ban Merbok estuary, Kedah State, Malaysia in relation to existing ground
elevation of an area
2.3 Texture triangle showing the percentages of sand, silt and clay in the textural classes
2.4 View of samples of rolling, description and texture of soil by touch and feel
2.5 Modified textural triangle for determining soil texture by the feel method
2.6 A typical soil auger
2.7 The four zones in typical swamps as probable sites for fishpond
3.1 Equipment for measuring horizontal and vertical distances
3.2 Illustration of stadia method
3.3 Sketch of example bearing of line
3.4 Illustration of north and south azimuth of a line
3.5 Definition sketch of deflection angles
3.6 Angles to right
3.7 Illustration of interior angles
3.8 Angle measurement by taping
3.9 Angle by taping, right triangle method
3.10 Measurement of line bearing
3.11 Measurement of azimuth
3.12 Measurement of deflection angle
3.13 The 3-4-5 method in laying out perpendicular lines
3.14 Intersection method
3.15 Laying out parallel lines
3.16 Level instruments
3.17 Case of two points visible from the instrument
3.18 Levelling procedure when objective points are not visible in single instrument set-up
3.19 An example of levelling circuit
3.20 Illustration of profile levelling procedure
3.21 Profile of centerline of supply canal
3.22 Laying-out square method
3.23 Illustration of instrument stations within an area and the random shots for each angle
3.24 A contour map
3.25 Illustration of topographic survey by soundings
4.1 Wind direction in Southeast Asia
4.2 Layout of pond compartments oriented to the prevailing wind direction
4.3 A conventional pond system with catching pond (CP), nursery pond (NP),
transition pond (TP), feed pond (FP) and rearing pond (RP)
4.4 Radiating type layout showing transition pond (TP) and rearing pond (RP)
4.5 Radiating layout of Taman and Porong types of milkfish farm with division pond (D);
rearing ponds (A, B, & C); fry pond (E) and canals
4.6 A modular pond system in the Philippines showing rearing pond stages (RPS) with
ratio of 1:24 and 1:3:9
4.7 Layout of a farm by multiple stock/harvest system showing fish holding canal (FHC)
as added feature
4.8 Layout of the traditional shrimp pond in Thailand
4.9 Layout of a modified traditional shrimp pond; N, nursery and gates (inlet, G1 and outlet, G2)
4.10 Layout of an intensive shrimp pond with nursery pens (N), inlet gate (G1), and outlet gate (G2)
4.11 Layout of an intensive shrimp pond with 3-ha consisting of three rearing ponds (R), and
and three nursery ponds (N), and provided with separate intake and discharge gates (G)
4.12 Indicative layout for a 5-ha shrimp monoculture project
4.13 Indicative layout for a 5-ha shrimp monoculture project
4.14 Indicative layout for a 5-ha shrimp monoculture project
4.15 Indicative layout for a 10-ha milkfish/shrimp polyculture fish farm
4.16 Layout of Jakarta and Kamal types of milkfish nursery with division pond (dp);
fry pond (fp); transition pond (tp); and canal (c)
4.17 Indicative layout for a 10-ha milkfish monoculture grow-out project
4.18 Indicative layout for a 10-ha milkfish monoculture grow-out project
5.1 Relation of tide curves to design elevations of a fish farm at the Sungai Merbok estuary, Malaysia
5.2 Relation of tide curves to the different pond elevations
5.3 Representative tide curve (Mean High Water Spring) referred at Tanjong Dawai,
Secondary Port, Ban Merbok estuary, Malaysia
5.4 Parts of a main gate (double-opening) made of reinforced concrete
5.5 Detail of a main gate with pump sump
5.6 Main concrete gate, single-opening
5.7 Main concrete gate, double-opening
5.8 Sample of a triple-opening concrete main gate
5.9 Foundation support and piling scheme (Philippines)
5.10 Foundation support plan and piling scheme (Malaysia)
5.11 Foundation and elevation plan of concrete main gate (single-opening)
5.12 Detail of a single-opening secondary concrete gate
5.13 Details of secondary gates with double-opening
5.14 Concrete hollow blocks sluice gate (single-opening — Indonesia)
5.15 Wooden sluice gate — with wing wall in two ends side braces and cat walk
5.16 Wooden main sluice gate (Top view) — with middle anti-seep board and
wing wall in pond side
5.17 Secondary wooden gate (No wing wall)
5.18 Detail of wooden tertiary gate for nursery/rearing ponds
5.19 Cut-out diagram of concrete culvert as secondary gate (With wing wall)
5.20 Concrete culvert (No wing wall)
5.21 Design of a square culvert gate
5.22 Wooden square culvert
5.23 Sample designs of perimeter dike within the reach of coastal waves
5.24 Sample designs of perimeter dike located along river or protected area
5.25 Steepness of side of dike for different values of side slope
5.26 Design of different dikes
5.27 Cross-section of perimeter (main) dike and basis for determining height
5.28 Simple pond dike
5.29 Typical cross-section of secondary dike showing ground elevation, water levels and
basis for determination of height
5.30 Typical cross-section of tertiary dike showing ground and water levels and
basis for determining height
5.31 Peripheral ditch or canal in bottom of shrimp pond
5.32 A central ditch in addition to peripheral ditch in shrimp pond
5.33 A flow-through type of pond bottom design for shrimp pond
5.34 Dike-canal type pond
5.35 Design of different canals
6.1 Sketch showing how to use a winch and a pulley block for manual destumping
6.2 A mechanical tree puller
6.3 Types of anchor for manual destumping
6.4 Types of digging implements for fishpond construction
6.5 Additional digging tools in Indonesia for fishpond construction and repairs
6.6 Bamboo raft for transporting soil blocks in diking
6.7 Flatboat for transporting soil blocks
6.8 Two ways of unloading flatboat
6.9 Range diagram and limits of work of drag line as defined for the construction of the
perimeter dike
6.10 Some heavy equipment for fish farm construction
6.11 Wooden gate construction (No middle anti-seep board)
6.12 Wooden gate frontal view, no wing wall but with anti-seep board
6.13 Wooden gate construction, preferably preservative-treated wood and copper or
galvanized iron nails
6.14 Closing of river or creek
6.15 Five workers working in group in pond with water
6.16 The sliding board method of moving soil blocks
6.17 Proper way of piling soil blocks for dike
6.18 Arrangement of soil blocks and proper form of dike in manual method of construction
6.19 Side slope model made for dike slope of 1:1
6.20 One-man-one floatboat operation
6.21 Illustration of procedure in determining depth of soil above O tidal datum using water level,
staff gauge and depth gauge
6.22 Staff gauge as benchmark
6.23 Stripping method of levelling (Cut and fill)
6.24 A simple depth gauge
7.1 A wooden mud rake
7.2 Pond mud bottom levelling board used in Indonesia
7.3 Fingerling seine (A) and operational view (B)
7.4 Sample of fingerling suspension net
7.5 Part of a gillnet for partial harvesting
7.6 Soil-sealed gates with screens
7.7 Netting screens in water gates and pipes
7.8 Harvest net with lazy line arrows indicate water flow
7.9 A cast net for sampling or partial harvest
7.10 Traps for use in shrimp ponds
7.11 The Thai-made paddlewheel aerator towed by tractor
7.12 Aeration by manipulation of closure slabs
7.13 Measurement of depth of visibility by Secchi disc
7.14 Hydrometer and refractometer for measurement of salinity
7.15 An improvised salinometer
7.16 Chilling tank for newly harvested milkfish
7.17 Fertilizer platform
7.18 Devices used to get rid of pests
7.19 Bird scaring device
7.20 Bamboo trap for mound-building mud lobster
8.1 Horizontal centrifugal pump cross section
8.2 Self-priming volute pumps
8.3 Deep-well turbine pump
8.4 Turbine pump installation
8.5 Radial flow propeller pumps
8.6 Mixed flow propeller pump
8.7 Axial flow propeller pumps
8.8 Dragon wheel pump run by engine and windmill
8.9 Push pump and installation
8.10 Combination pump
8.11 Performance curves for propeller pumps
8.12 Pump characteristic performance curves for a deep-well turbine pump
8.13 Correct and incorrect sump designs for minimum entrained air into suction line
8.14 Section sump design showing proper spacing
8.15 Minimum suction pipe submergence for various pipe flow velocity
8.16 Baffle arrangement for vortex prevention
8.17 Floor and wall clearances between sump and suction bell
8.18 Illustration of the function of a gear drive
8.19 Cross joint and shaft assembly
8.20 High discharge hydraulic driven pump
8.21 Types of propeller pump installations
8.22 Set-up for filling and draining pond water irrespective of tidal level
8.23 Gate valve system for filling and draining fishpond regardless of tide level
LIST OF APPENDIXES FIGURES
Figure A.1 Types of tides
A.2 Tide phenomenon-solar and lunar system
A.3 Tide record for 15 days
A.4 Illustration of the conditions of the example problem
A.5 Approximate sketch of the predicted tide at Tayabas River Entrance
A.6 Relating zero datum to shore ground
A.7 Height of tide at any time by graphical method
B.1 Change on pond water level with time as plotted against the tide curve for a given
width of sluice gate
B.2 A segment of rising tide level, H. during any one-hour interval and its difference
with pond water level, h
B.3 The falling segment of tide curve
C.1 Formation of acid sulfate soils
D.1 Area by trapezoidal rule
D.2 Case when ho and hn are zero
D.3 Measurement of area by dividing into regular geometric figures
E.1 Seepage flow in dike of homogeneous material placed on shallow permeable foundation
E.2 The seepage line drawn in dike with homogeneous material placed on impermeable foundation