RESTRICTED FI:INS/72/003/4 May 1976

A report prepared for the
Project on Shrimp and Milkfish
Culture Applied Research and
Training

by

Egbert Klaas Duursma
FAO Expert Pollution/Pesticides,

This informal report is one of a series of reports prepared during the course of the UNDP project identified on the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1976

Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

This electronic document has been scanned using optical character recognition (OCR) software. FAO declines all responsibility for any discrepancies that may exist between the present document and its original printed version.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TERMS OF REFERENCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Background
1.2 Purpose of Studies and Surveys

2. INSTALLATION OF PESTICIDE LABORATORY

2.1 Description of Equipment

2.1.1 Gas-chromatographs
2.1.2 Additional equipment and reagents
2.1.3 Special concerns

2.2 Adaptation of Methods to Local Conditions

3. TRAINING

4. BIOASSAY STUDIES

4.1 Objectives
4.2 Experiments and Results

4.2.1 Toxicity tests
4.2.2 Gas-chromatographic analysis
4.2.3 Pond toxicity tests with Leptophos

4.3 Discussion

5. ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES ANALYSIS

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Samples from Tambaks (brackish-water ponds)

5.2.1 Fish and shrimp
5.2.2 Sediment
5.2.3 Water

5.3 Marine Samples

5.3.1 Fish and shrimp
5.3.2 Sediment

5.4 River Samples

5.4.1 Water
5.4.2 Suspended matter

6. GENERAL DISCUSSION ON HIGHLIGHTS

7. HAZARDS AND MEASURES OF CONTROL

7.1 Hazards
7.2 Measures of control

8. RECOMMENDATIONS

8.1 Recommendations Related to the Terms of Reference
8.2 Recommendations of Other Relevance

9. REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 : Instrumentation and Chemicals

APPENDIX 2 : Outside Activities

LIST OF TABLES

1. Methods used for the analysis of pesticides in water, sediment and biological samples.

2. Comparison of various methods used.

3. Diazinon and Leptophos concentration as determined in the different specimens, detritus, water and absorbed to the aquaria.

4. Budget and persistence of Diazinon and Leptophos at time t = 5 days

5. Pond experiments with Leptophos

6. Pesticide residue concentrations of environmental samples.

7. Pesticide residue concentrations in environmental samples.

8. River water analysis.

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Diazinon and Leptophos aquaria tests with shrimp, Chirononid larvae and fish.
(A: LT₅₀ versus initial exposure concentration, B: LD₅₀ versus duration of exposure).

2. Uptake and loss of Diazinon with time in Tilapia and Chanos (T½ = biological half-life period)

3. Diazinon and Leptophos concentrations in the water versus concentrations determined in killed organisms.

4. Position of sampling stations.

5. Percentage DDT/total DDT in liver of various species versus Thiodan concentration in liver
(t = fish was killed by Thiodan application in the ponds)

TERMS OF REFERENCE

To study the effect and extent of pollution, particularly pesticides on shrimp and milkfish culture and to recommend suitable measures for controlling adverse effects, if any:

1. Preliminary observations on the effect of pesticides on fish and shrimp in brackish-water environments;

2. studies on the effects of pesticides on shrimp and milkfish at various stages;

3. testing and monitoring of pesticides in natural environments;

4. recommended measures of control.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Food and Agriculture Organization is greatly indebted to the following organizations and individuals who assisted in the implementation of the project by providing information, advice and facilities:

Jepara Research Station, particularly Mr. Alie Poernomo, the Director, Mr. Adi Hanafi the counterpart and Mrs. Poernomo, Mr. Timin, Mr. P. Padlan. Thanks are also due to the Directorate General of Fisheries in Jakarta for their help in obtaining sediment samples from various locations.

In addition FAO appreciates the help of Mr. Ken Asari, Japan, Drs. M. Marchand, Monaco, G. Harvey and E. Corcoran, USA and Ir. Jaspar Bilal, Jakarta.