通过妇女赋权转变农业中的性别关系：改善营养成果的益处、挑战和权衡
南亚经济在过去二十年中取得长足发展，但儿童营养不良率在世界却首屈一指，每10个儿童中就有4个遭受慢性营养不良问题。尽管农业是该区域大多数农村家庭的主要生计手段，但其在解决营养不良问题上的潜力却显然未得到发挥。无论从确定投资投向（农业/基础设施）在宏观层面忽视农村地区、直至农产品价格处于不利地位，还是在技能和收入两方面忽视（女性比例日渐提高的）农村劳动力等事实上我们都可以看出这一点。但鉴于妇女在育儿方面的核心作用，多数营养举措都以妇女为指向，然而问题依然存在。那么，我们的研究和分析工作存在哪些疏漏？我们的政策存在哪些疏漏呢？
缺乏的似乎是对妇女地位、作用和劳动负担的社会差异化分析。男性在有关营养的政策话语中也缺失了，尽管在南亚粮食生产和供应是男性角色的核心所在。只有填补我们认识上的这些差距，才能为该区域的政策和计划制定提供依据，LANSA研究计划正在致力于实现这一目的。
南亚性别-营养-育儿之间的联系
近期研究显示，喂养和护理的规律性对两岁以下儿童的营养和健康状况具有重要影响（Kadiyala等，2012），而这主要被看作是妇女的职责。
在南亚，除了从事赚钱和养家的“生产性”工作之外，妇女要负责“再生产”活动（育儿、家务、保健）。但这些社会规范和预期并非一成不变，它们随着个体的生命轨迹而发生转变，也随着更广泛的社会和结构性变革而转变。新的生产制度、商品化进程、移民、价格波动、市场竞争、教育扩张、卫生服务以及冲突形势等等，都能改变性别关系的动态，并因此改变营养状况（Mitra和Rao，2016*）。这些变化都将在性别等级的形成中发挥作用，因此需要加以妥善考虑。
在阿富汗，农业、灌溉及畜牧业部在粮农组织的支持下制定了一项2015-2020年农业中妇女作用的战略。该战略认为妇女在阿富汗农业中的作用存在一个悖论：1）一方面，妇女在农业中扮演主要角色，在劳动力中占比40%以上；2）同时，阿富汗妇女在对生产性资源的掌控和决策上却处于边缘化地位。
孟加拉国儿童营养状况令人警觉，有36%的儿童发育不良，14%消瘦，还有33%体重不足。作为一个农业国，通过农业改善妇女及其孩子的营养状况拥有巨大潜力。但在如何调动妇女解决自身健康及其孩子的营养问题方面我们掌握的信息十分有限。
印度的情况也相差无几——农村妇女大多数都从事农业劳作，也都面临劳动与育儿的艰难选择。尽管实施了妇女赋权政策，支持妇女务农和改善营养，但这些政策之间没有形成什么合力。LANSA在印度的研究显示，如果不重视减轻妇女劳动的强度和重新配置，不重视她们的社会经济福祉，那么结果鲜有大幅改善的可能。
LANSA在巴基斯坦的研究新结果显示，妇女的农业劳动既可能对营养产生积极影响（通过收入的提高），也可能产生负面影响（照料自身和子女的时间和精力减少）农业劳动力结构日益女性化，有证据显示妇女务农者的子女营养不良发生率较高。但妇女的农业劳动仍普遍存在报酬过低的问题。此外，某些农业活动（摘棉花/养家畜）被看作纯粹是“女人的工作”，而男性也没有通过更多照料家务来补偿妇女农业劳动加重的负担。虽然随着“跨产业营养战略”的制定已经取得一些进步，但在农业政策、计划和投资中需要对妇女的劳动给予更大认可。
开展在线讨论
“南亚农业促进营养”计划致力于与粮农组织FSN论坛合作开展本次在线讨论。我们邀请大家围绕农业妇女赋权政策变化良好实践的进程和实例、以及这些变化如何改善妇女及其子女营养状况等问题发表意见并开展讨论。
欢迎各位在2016年6月27日至7月15日期间在粮农组织网站http://www.fao.org/fsnforum/user/register 上参加本次在线讨论。
我们希望在这次在线讨论中探讨：
- 从政策上认可妇女在农业中的作用和贡献能够在多大程度上增强妇女的能动性、权利以及相应营养状况？
- 在帮助解决妇女时间问题方面是否具有经验/战略？
- 能够显示减少或重新配置无报酬持家育儿劳动对农业家庭营养状况的影响的实例
- 特别是在收获高峰期迫切需要妇女劳动时，男性、社区/省州机构是否负责照看幼童？
- 在生存方面社会规范的刚性或灵活度如何？
- 你是否了解在发生变化的背景下（耕作制度的演变、技术创新、生态系统服务的丧失、社会和政治冲突）不同性别间劳动分工、作用/责任的变化情况？男性在家庭营养状况变化中的贡献如何？
- 膳食多元化、妇女务农与生态系统服务获取之间的关联如何？
- 针对阿富汗，我们希望掌握妇女在农业和涉农商业价值链中作用的经验，以便制定适当政策和干预措施，对妇女在生计安全中的贡献给予认可和支持。
- 我们需要更好地把握政策和计划方面的情况，帮助南亚妇女处理好来自务农、育儿和家庭等相互竞争的压力，寻找改善家庭福祉和营养（特别是幼童营养）的途径。我们十分期待各位的响应。
提前感谢各位参与！
首席主持人： Nitya Rao，LANSA印度研究及全面性别课题组长
共同主持人： Nigel Poole，LANSA阿富汗研究课题组
Barnali Chakraborthy，LANSA孟加拉国研究课题组
Haris Gazdar，LANSA巴基斯坦研究课题组
*Mitra, A and N. Rao (2016) Families, farms and changing gender relations in Asia. In FAO and MSSRF (eds.) Family farming: Meeting the zero hunger challenge. Academic Foundation, New Delhi
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Thanks Dr Njabe, could you clarify what the gender agricultural policies and programmes are? If they provide women recognition as farmers, then they should contribute to also changing social norms and cultural stigma that invisibilise women's contributions? Within the discussions on unpaid care work, the 3 Rs framework is now the major demand within feminist advocacy. The first step is to recognise women's work. If this is adequately done in policy, the other two, namely, reduce and redistribute, could potentially follow. In the case of agricultural work, this would involve developing appropriate tools and technologies to support and reduce women's work.
Elvis NJABE
Woman and food security
Food Security depends on some basic pillars like agricultural production, economics and nutritional status for its complement. The involvement of women dates since ancient agriculture before the industrial revolution. However there are enormous constraints like social, cultural and economic aspects.
Statistics shows that in a region like Sub-Saharan Africa, 80% women are involved in processing food crops, providing household water and fuelwood and about 90% are involved in hoeing and weeding of farmland. Notwithstanding the good gender agricultural policies and programmes that are in place, the strong cultural stigma of women's land rights, educational level and access to agro-credit, still stand as great limiting factors.
However, what do policy makers do with this cultural stigma of women having certain rights and access?
Kind Regards
NJABE
Yaounde- Cameroon
Thank you Dr Peter for your contribution. The Kudumbashree programme in Kerala has indeed encouraged groups of women farmers to undertake collective farming. While such policy recognition clearly support's women's empowerment, do any of the studies undertaken by KAU you mention specifically focus on food security and nutritional outcomes? Do migrant men contribute incomes to their families, or is a large percent spent on liquor? Secondly, while women are clearly involved in all the activities from planting to post-harvest processing, do they receive any support in terms of improved inputs or equipment to help reduce the drudgery and time involved in some of these activities?
"Feminisation of agriculture" is now frequently used as men move to cities for better livelihood. Kerala the southern state of India has shown the way for women empowerment through more involvement in agriculture and related activities. "Self Help Group" has emerged as a viable and socially accepted group. There are even all women farming green armies getting involved in waste disposal, sowing, transplanting, weeding, fertilizing, irrigation, harvesting and post harvest handling including value addition. There are also problems of liquor addition among men which leads to disharmony in families. Kerala has more women than men. There are matriarchal systems followed in a few Hindu and Muslim sections. The very famous court pronouncement giving equal right to sons and daughters to inherited property has further made women important partners in development. The Kerala Agricultural University has established A CENTRE FOR GENDER CONCERNS which conducts research on women empowerment. There are even women climbers to harvest coconuts from 30 feet tall trees. The success story of Poultry raising by self help group is worth studying. There are public canteens run by women only.
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